Help:苏格兰盖尔语国际音标

下列图表展示了國際音標（IPA）在维基百科条目中表示苏格兰盖尔语发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA-gd}}与Baike: 格式手册/音标 § Notes。

请参阅苏格兰盖尔语音系（英语：Scottish Gaelic phonology）以更全面地了解苏格兰盖尔语的发音。

辅音^[1]
宽辅音（英语：Scottish Gaelic phonology）		窄辅音（英语：Scottish Gaelic phonology）		英语及其他语言中的相同或近似发音
IPA	示例	IPA	示例	英语及其他语言中的相同或近似发音
f^[2]	fad, fead, pholl, pheann			fade
ɣ	dhà, deireadh, ghaol, dragh	ʝ	dh'iarr, dh'innis, gheall, ghin	西班牙语 luego; yard (but stronger)
h^[2]	thonn, thig, shùil, sheòl			haste
j	eala, beò, theàrn, iolaire, piuthar, shiùbhlainn, gràidh			yard
k	gaol, beagan, caileag, amharc	kʲ	gille, fairrge, thig, chunnaic	scat; askew
kʰ^[3]	còta	kʲʰ^[3]	cìr	cup; cure
l̪ˠ	làmh, balla, geal	l	mo leaba, cliathaich, baile, fuil	health; lice
l̪ˠ	làmh, balla, geal	ʎ	leaba, slige, gille	health; scallion
m^[2]	mac, mic, lampa, ìm			main
n̪ˠ	nàire, snàmh, clann	ɲ	nighean, sneachda, cinneadh, ròin	tenth; onion
n̪ˠ	nàire, snàmh, clann	n	mo nàire, anail, bean	tenth; nice
ŋ	long	ŋʲ	aingeal	think; angular
p^[2]	ball, nàbuidh, abair, corp			space
pʰ^[2]^[3]	peann, poll			pain
rˠ	rud, riochd, oirre, orra			西班牙语 rojo
ɾ	dà rud, mo riochd, crann, fear	ɾʲ	cridhe, fir	crane; creed (均为蘇格蘭英語); 美式英語 atom
s̪	solas, speal, sgeulachd	ʃ	seòl, stiùir, slighe, snìomh	soot; shade
t̪	dall, fada, ad, falt	tʲ	dìleas, maide, thèid, fuilt	stock; stew (RP)
t̪ʰ^[3]	tana	tʲʰ^[3]	tìr	tide; tune (RP)
v^[2]	bhean, sàibh, mhàthair, deimhinn, làmh			veil
x	chòta, balach	ç	chì, balaich	loch (蘇格蘭英語); huge

單元音
短元音		长元音		英语中的相同或近似发音
IPA	示例	IPA	示例	英语中的相同或近似发音
a	mac, glaine	aː	làmh, àite, geàrr	rat; rather (均为蘇格蘭英語)
e	teth, fead, cheil	eː	glè, chèile, beud	hit; hay (均为蘇格蘭英語)
ɛ	fear, each	ɛː	cnàimh, sèimh	let; flare (标准英音)
ə^[4]	fada, baile			viva
i	mise, fios	iː	ìseal, pìobaire, cinn	reef
ɪ^[4]	uilig, capaill			hit
o	tobar, bodhar	oː	bò, còig	load (蘇格蘭英語)
ɔ	cnoc, sgoil, deoch	ɔː	bròn, mòine, ceòl, còrr	dog
u	ugh, bun, sgioltachd, fliuch	uː	cùl, sùil, diombach, tiùrr, cunntas	pull; rule
ɯ	duine, uisge	ɯː	craobh, aois	good; roof
ɤ	dragh, coire	ɤː	fadhlach	ago; blur (均为标准英音)
双元音
IPA	示例			英语中的相同或近似发音
ai	claidheamh, chaill, cainnt			price
au	amharc, abhainn, ball, gann			loud
ei	seinn, beinn, peinnsean			main
ɛu	seall, theann, dream			西班牙语 euro
ia	Niall, pian, feur, beul			he and she
iə	fiacail, iasg, ceud, deug, sìos, fìon			idea
ɔu	toll, tonn, com			low (美式英語)
ua	uamhasach, suaineadh, uaine			you and me
uə	fuar, uair, buaidh			bluer
ɯi	chraoibh, ghaoith, tuill, tuinn			two years
ɤi	maighdean, greim, coibhneil, oighre, coilltean, broinn			bite (蘇格蘭英語)

超音段音位
IPA	示例	解释
ˈ	uinneag [ˈɯɲak]	主重音 (置于重读音节前)
.	naidheachd [ˈn̪ˠɛ.əxk]	音节中断
◌̃	samhradh [ˈs̪ãũɾəɣ]	鼻化元音

各类音标系统比较编辑

各类资料中使用的音标系统会与维基百科有出入。大多数系统与纯IPA不同，特别是凯尔特学中使用的系统。本节将维基百科使用的IPA系统与其他常见的音标系统进行比较。

IPA	Borgstrøm (1937)^[5] (巴拉岛)	Borgstrøm (1940)^[6] (外赫布里底群岛)	Oftedal (1956)^[7] (刘易斯岛)	Ó Murchú (1989)^[8] (东伯斯郡)	Cox (2002)^[9] (刘易斯岛)	Ó Maolalaigh (2008)^[10] (跨地区（英语：Mid-Minch Gaelic）)	Black (2006)^[11] (跨地区)	Klevenhaus (2009)^[12] Bauer (2011)^[13] (跨地区)
ç	ç	ç′	ç	x′	ç	ç	ç	ç
ʝ	j	j′	ǰ	ɣ′	ʝ	j	j	ʝ
k	g̊, k	g̬, k	g	ɡ	g	g	g,^[14] k^[15]	g
kʲ	g̊′, k′	g̬′, k′	ǵ	ɡ′	g̭'	gʲ	gʲ,^[14] kʲ^[15]	gʲ
kʰ	kʽ	kʽ	k	k	k	k	k	k
kʲʰ	k′ʽ	k′ʽ	ḱ	k′	k′	kʲ	kʲ	kʲ
l̪ˠ	L	L	L	ɬ	L	ɫ̪	L	L
ʎ	L′	L′	L′	不適用	L′	ʎ	Lʲ	Lʲ
l	l′	l′	l	l	l	l	l	l
n̪ˠ	N	N	N	不適用	N	ᵰ̪	N	N
ɲ	N′	N′	N′	不適用	N′	ɲ	Nʲ	Nʲ
p	b̥, p	b̬, p	b	b	b	b	b,^[14] p^[15]	b
pʰ	pʽ	pʽ	p	p	p	p	p	p
rˠ	R	R, Ṛ	R	不適用	R	ᵲ	R	R
ɾ	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r
ɾʲ	r′	r′, ð′	ð	不適用	ð	rʲ	rʲ	rʲ
s̪	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s
ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	š	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ
t̪	d̥, t	d̬, t	d	d	d	d̪	d,^[14] t^[15]	d
tʲ	d̥′^ž, d̥′, t′	d̬′^ž, d̬′, t′	d′	ǰ	d′	dʲ	dʲ,^[14] tʲ^[15]	dʲ
t̪ʰ	tʽ	tʽ	t	t	t	t̪	t	t
tʲʰ	tʽ′^ʃ, tʽ′	tʽ′^ʃ, tʽ′	t′	č	t′	tʲ	tʲ	tʲ
ɯ	ʎ	ʎ	ɯ	ɯ	ɯ	ɯ	ʎ	ɯ
ɤ	ø	ø	ə	ɤ	ɤ	ɤ	ə	ɤ
ɛ	ɛ, æ	ɛ, æ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ
a	a	a	a	ɑ	a	a	a	a

注释编辑

^ Scottish Gaelic contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American and in all positions in Scottish English. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [xk, çkʲ, hp, ht̪, htʲ].
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 [ə] and [ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 1937, 8: 71–242.
^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1940.
^ Oftedal, Magne. The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1956.
^ Ó Murchú, Máirtín. East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1989. ISBN 0-901282-93-6.
^ Cox, Richard A. V. The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 2002. ISBN 1-85500-192-6.
^ Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard. Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.
^ Black, Ronald. Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. 2006. ISBN 0906981336.
^ Klevenhaus, Michael. Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. 2009. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.
^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. 2011. ISBN 978-1907165009.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 Word-initial.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 Medial or final.

[1] Scottish Gaelic contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American and in all positions in Scottish English. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.

[j-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.

[h-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [xk, çkʲ, hp, ht̪, htʲ].

[short-4] 4.0 ^4.1 [ə] and [ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.

[Borgstrom1937-5] Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 1937, 8: 71–242.

[Borgstrom1940-6] Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar. The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1940.

[Oftedal-7] Oftedal, Magne. The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug. 1956.

[OMurchu-8] Ó Murchú, Máirtín. East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1989. ISBN 0-901282-93-6.

[Cox-9] Cox, Richard A. V. The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 2002. ISBN 1-85500-192-6.

[Maolalaigh-10] Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard. Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.

[Black-11] Black, Ronald. Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. 2006. ISBN 0906981336.

[Klevenhaus-12] Klevenhaus, Michael. Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. 2009. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.

[Bauer-13] Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. 2011. ISBN 978-1907165009.

[init-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 Word-initial.

[final-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 Medial or final.

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