Help:俄語國際音標

下表列舉了在維基條目中用俄文拼寫的俄語內容如何使用國際音標發音。欲查看在条目中添加国际音标符号的指引，请见{{IPA-ru}}。

輔音
平常			顎化
IPA	範例	英語近似發音	IPA	範例	英語近似發音
b	бок^ⓘ; апде́йт^[1]	boot	bʲ	бе́лый^ⓘ	beautiful
d	дать^ⓘ; футбо́л^ⓘ^[1]	do	dʲ	де́ло^ⓘ; ходьба́^ⓘ; жени́тьба^ⓘ^[1]	dew (UK)
f	фо́рма^ⓘ; вы́ставка^ⓘ;^[1] бо́ров^ⓘ^[2]	fool	fʲ	фина́л^ⓘ; верфь^ⓘ; кровь^ⓘ^[2]	few
ɡ	год^ⓘ^[3]^[4]; анекдо́т^ⓘ^[1]	goo	ɡʲ	геро́й^ⓘ	argue
不適用			j	есть^ⓘ [je-]; ёж^ⓘ [jɵ-]; юг^ⓘ [ju-]; я^ⓘ [ja]; майо́р^ⓘ^[5]	yes, York, you, yard, boy
k	кость^ⓘ; бе́гство^ⓘ^[1]; флаг^ⓘ^[2]	scar	kʲ	кино́^ⓘ; секью́рити	skew
l	луна́^ⓘ^[6]	pill	lʲ	лес^ⓘ; боль^ⓘ	lean
m	мы́ло^ⓘ	moot	mʲ	мя́со^ⓘ; семь^ⓘ	mute
n	нос^ⓘ	noon	nʲ	нёс^ⓘ; день^ⓘ; ко́нчик^ⓘ^[7]	newt (for some dialects)
p	под^ⓘ; ры́бка^ⓘ^[1]; зуб^ⓘ^[2]	span	pʲ	пе́пел^ⓘ; цепь^ⓘ; зыбь^ⓘ^[2]	spew
r	раз^ⓘ	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish	rʲ	ряд^ⓘ; зверь^ⓘ	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish
s	соба́ка^ⓘ; ска́зка^ⓘ^[1]; глаз^ⓘ^[2]	soup	sʲ	си́ний^ⓘ; здесь^ⓘ; есть^ⓘ; грызть^ⓘ^[1]	assume (for some dialects)
ʂ	широ́кий^ⓘ; кни́жка^ⓘ^[1]; муж^ⓘ^[2]; что^ⓘ^[8]	rush	ɕː	щека́^ⓘ; счита́ть^ⓘ; мужчи́на^ⓘ^[9]^[10]	wish sheep
t	то^ⓘ; во́дка^ⓘ;^[1] лёд^ⓘ^[2]	stand	tʲ	тень^ⓘ; дитя́^ⓘ; путь^ⓘ; грудь^ⓘ^[2]	stew (UK; for some dialects)
ts^[11]	цена́^ⓘ; нра́виться^ⓘ^[10]	cats	tɕ^[11]	чай^ⓘ; течь^ⓘ^[10]	chip
v	вы^ⓘ; его́^[4]; афга́н^[1]	voodoo	vʲ	весь^ⓘ; вью́га^ⓘ	view
x	ход^ⓘ; Бог^ⓘ^[3]^[10]	loch (Scottish)	xʲ	хи́трый^ⓘ; Хью́стон; лёгкий^ⓘ^[1]^[3]^[10]	huge (for some dialects)
z	зуб^ⓘ; сбор^ⓘ^[1]	zoo	zʲ	зима́^ⓘ; резьба́; жизнь^ⓘ; про́сьба^ⓘ^[1]	presume (for some dialects)
ʐ	жест^ⓘ; волшба́^[1]	rouge	ʑː	по́зже^ⓘ^[12]	prestige genre
強化元音
[-顎化]			[+顎化]
IPA	範例	英語近似發音	IPA	範例	英語近似發音
a	трава́^ⓘ	father	æ	пять^ⓘ; ча́сть^ⓘ^[13]	pat (US)
ɛ	жест^ⓘ; э́тот^ⓘ	met	e	пень^ⓘ; э́тика^ⓘ^[13]	penny
ɨ	ты^ⓘ; ши́шка^ⓘ; с и́грами	roses (for some dialects)	i	ли́ния^ⓘ; и́ли^ⓘ	meet
o	о́блако^ⓘ; шёпот^ⓘ	chore	ɵ	тётя^ⓘ; плечо́^ⓘ^[13]	bird (non-rhotic)
u	пу́ля^ⓘ	boot	ʉ	чуть^ⓘ; лю́ди^ⓘ^[13]	choose
弱化元音
[-顎化]			[+顎化]
IPA	範例	英語近似發音	IPA	範例	英語近似發音
ɐ	облака́^ⓘ; како́й^ⓘ; сообража́ть^ⓘ; тропа́^ⓘ^[14]	bud	不適用
ə	ко́жа^ⓘ; о́блако^ⓘ; се́рдце^ⓘ	about	ə	во́ля^ⓘ; сего́дня^ⓘ; ку́ча^ⓘ^[15]	lasagna
ɨ	дыша́ть^ⓘ; жена́^ⓘ; во́ды^ⓘ; эта́п^ⓘ; к Ива́ну	roses (for some dialects)	ɪ	лиса́^ⓘ; четы́ре^ⓘ; тяжёлый^ⓘ; де́вять^ⓘ; часы́^ⓘ^[16]	bit
ʊ	мужчи́на^ⓘ	put	ʉ	чуде́сный^ⓘ; люби́ть^ⓘ^[13]	youth
ɛ	тетра́эдр; поэте́сса^[17]	met	不適用
o	ра́дио^ⓘ; поэте́сса^[17]	chore	ɵ	ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст^[18]	bird (non-rhotic)
超音段成分
IPA	範例		說明
ˈ	четы́ре^ⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]		Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː	сза́ди^ⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ]^[1]		Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

註釋编辑

^ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced （Halle 1959，p.31）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent （Halle 1959，p.22）.
^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди and Бог, and in the interjections ага́, ого́, го́споди, ей-бо́гу, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] （Timberlake 2004，p.23）. /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
^ 4.0 4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня, сего́дняшний, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его （Timberlake 2004，p.23）.
^ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive （Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996，p.187-188）.
^ Alveo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
^ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
^ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм, начди́в, дочь бы, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
^ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дрожжи or заезжать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224頁)).
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
^ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
^ Only in certain word-final morphemes （Timberlake 2004，p.48-51）.
^ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.^{[來源請求]}
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
^ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

參考資料编辑

Cubberley, Paul. The phonology of Modern Russian. Russian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. 2002-10-17: 59. ISBN 978-0-521-79641-5 （英语）.
Halle, Morris, Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press, 1959
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis. The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-15300-3 （英语）.
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 （英语）.
Timberlake, Alan. Sounds. A Reference Grammar of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 2004-01-22: 28. ISBN 978-0-521-77292-1 （英语）.
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel. Russian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2015-08, 45 (2): 221–228. ISSN 0025-1003. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395 （英语）.

[voice-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced （Halle 1959，p.31）.

[devoice-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent （Halle 1959，p.22）.

[g2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди^ⓘ and Бог^ⓘ, and in the interjections ага́^ⓘ, ого́^ⓘ, го́споди^ⓘ, ей-бо́гу^ⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] （Timberlake 2004，p.23）. /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.

[g-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня^ⓘ, сего́дняшний^ⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его （Timberlake 2004，p.23）.

[5] The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.

[6] /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive （Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996，p.187-188）.

[7] Alveo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.

[8] Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.

[щ-9] ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.

[dz-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм^ⓘ, начди́в, дочь бы^ⓘ, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.

[tie-11] 11.0 ^11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.

[12] Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дрожжи or заезжать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224頁)).

[palatalized_vowel-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.

[14] Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.

[15] Only in certain word-final morphemes （Timberlake 2004，p.48-51）.

[a-16] Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.^{[來源請求]}

[foreign-17] 17.0 ^17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.

[foreign2-18] Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]