Help:挪威語國際音標

下表顯示在維基條目中的一些挪威語的內容如何使用國際音標發音。這裡使用的口音是城市東挪威語（英语：Urban East Norwegian）這種口音使用於奧斯陸地區，是書面挪威語的非官方發音標準，也是外國人最常學習的口音。關於發音的詳細資訊請參見挪威語音系學（英语：Norwegian phonology）。

輔音
IPA	例子	最接近的英文等價發音
b	bil	bee
ç	kjip	與 huge 類似
d	dag	day
ɖ	sardin^[1]	卷舌的/d/
ʁd	sardin^[1]	（無等價英文發音）
f	fot	foot
ɡ	god	good
h	hatt	hat
j	jojo	yoyo
k	kafé	café
l	lake	lack
l̩		little
ɭ	Karl^[1]	捲舌的 /l/
ʁl	Karl^[1]	（無等價英文發音）
m	man	man
n	natt	night
n̩	natten	chosen
ɳ	barn^[1]	捲舌的 /n/
ʁn	barn^[1]	（無等價英文發音）
ɳ̍	baren
ŋ	ting	thing
p	pappa	papa
r	år^[1]^[2]	閃音或顫音的「r」。
ʁ	år^[1]^[2]	法語：rester；大約跟蘇格蘭英語的 loch 相似
ɽ		跟西班牙語的 Caro相同，但是是捲舌音。
ɽ̍	Vålerenga^ⓘ	（無等價英文發音）
s	sabel	sabre
ʂ	sjø	與 shoe 相似，但是捲舌音
ʂ	torsdag^[1]	shoe
ʁs	torsdag^[1]	（無等價英文發音）
t	tirsdag	tea
ʈ	parti^[1]	卷舌的/t/
ʁt	parti^[1]	（無等價英文發音）
v	vaktel	vat

元音
IPA	例子	最接近的英文等價發音
單元音
ɑ	fast	art
ɑː	mat	bra, 標準英音（RP）的 car
æ	fersk^[3]	trap
æː	ære^[3]	澳洲英語的 mad
e	helle^[3]	北美英語與通用英音的 set
eː	hel^[3]	蘇格蘭英語的 save
i	sill	hill
iː	i	need
ɔ	åtte^[4]	標準英音的 lot；北美英語的 fort
ɔː	mål^[4]	蘇格蘭語的 stove；標準英音的 law
ø	nøtt^[4]	與 Burt相似；與德文的短音ö相同
øː	dø^[4]	與 bird 相似，與德文的長音ö 相同
u	ond^[4]	put，而嘴唇緊繃
uː	bot^[4]	fool
ʉ	full^[4]^[5]	Australian choose; Like German müssen
ʉː	ful^[4]^[6]	Australian goose；與德文的 üben相同
y	nytt^[4]^[5]	跟 hit 有些類似；即把/i/念成圓唇音。與瑞典語 syll [sʏlː] （幫助·關於）。
yː	syl^[4]^[6]	跟 leave 有些相似，即用圓唇發/iː/的音；此音亦與瑞典語的 syll相同
雙元音
ɑi	kai^[7]	澳洲英文的 price
æi	bein	澳洲英文的 day
æʉ	hauk^[4]	與澳洲英文的 now 有些類似
ei	tape^[7]	day
ɔy	boikott^[4]^[7]	boy
øy	røyk^[4]	與 house 有些相似
ʉi	hui^[4]^[8]	to eternity
弱化元音
ə	påle	about

重音與聲調
IPA	例子	解釋
ˈ	bønder [ˈbønːər] [ˈbønːəʁ]	第一聲／尖音符：^[9] 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是低升調（low-rising）：[ˈbø̀nːə̌r] 在卑爾根是降低調（falling-low）：[ˈbø̂nːə̀ʁ] 在斯塔萬格是升降調（rising-falling）：[ˈbø̌nːɔ̂ʁ] 在一些口音中為單純的主重音：[ˈbønːər]^[10]
²	bønner [²bønːər] [²bønːəʁ]	第二聲／重音符：^[9] 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是降升調（falling-rising）：[ˈbø̂nːə̌r] 在卑爾根是升降調（rising-falling）：[ˈbø̌nːə̂ʁ] 在斯塔萬格是重降調（falling-falling）：[ˈbø̂nːɔ̂ʁ] 在一些口音中為單純的主重音：[ˈbønːər]^[10]

註解编辑

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 在許多擁有舌尖捲舌音的方言中，a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
^ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
^ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 [ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, yː, ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1
The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] （幫助·關於）).
- Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː] （幫助·關於）).
^ ^6.0 ^6.1
The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- 挪威語 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] （幫助·關於）).
- 挪威語 protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl [syːl] （幫助·關於）).
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 /ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)).
^ /ʉi/只出現在 hui 一字中（Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)）。
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 除非必要，否則條目中一般不會使用嚴式標音標註挪威語字詞的聲調。
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 一些口音只有單純的主重音，而沒有具音高對比的聲調。例如，在這些口音中，bønder（農夫）和bønner（豆子）的發音完全相同。

參考資料编辑

Berulfsen, Bjarne, Norsk Uttaleordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard), 1969 （挪威语）
Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 （挪威语）
Strandskogen, Åse-Berit, Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1979, ISBN 82-05-10107-8 （挪威语）
Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 （挪威语）
Vanvik, Arne, Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1985, ISBN 978-8299058414

外部鏈結编辑

Lexin. Uni Research Computing.
Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter. Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet （挪威语）.

[retroflex-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 在許多擁有舌尖捲舌音的方言中，a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].

[2] /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.

[rhotic-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].

[roundedness-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 [ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, yː, ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.

[closerounded1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] （幫助·關於）).
Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː] （幫助·關於）).

[6] Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] （幫助·關於）).

[7] Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː] （幫助·關於）).

[closerounded2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
挪威語 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] （幫助·關於）).
挪威語 protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl [syːl] （幫助·關於）).

[9] 挪威語 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] （幫助·關於）).

[10] 挪威語 protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl [syːl] （幫助·關於）).

[loandip-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 /ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)).

[8] /ʉi/只出現在 hui 一字中（Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)）。

[narrowtonemes-9] 9.0 ^9.1 除非必要，否則條目中一般不會使用嚴式標音標註挪威語字詞的聲調。

[notonemes-10] 10.0 ^10.1 一些口音只有單純的主重音，而沒有具音高對比的聲調。例如，在這些口音中，bønder（農夫）和bønner（豆子）的發音完全相同。

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