半開前不圓唇元音

半開前不圓唇元音母音的一種,用於一些語言當中,國際音標ɛ代表此音,而X-SAMPA音標則以E代表此音。

半開前不圓唇元音
ɛ
IPA編號303
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ɛ
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+025B
X-SAMPA音標E
ASCII音標E
IPA盲文英语IPA Braille⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
音頻範例

特徵编辑

  • 圓唇度不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。


各語言使用表编辑

语言词汇国际音标意义注释
阿拉伯语参见Imāla
亚美尼亚语东亚美尼亚语[1]էջ/ēǰ[ɛd͡ʒ]
巴伐利亚语阿姆施泰滕方言[2][比如?]一般记作⟨æ⟩。
孟加拉语[3]/ek[ɛk]参见孟加拉语音系
保加利亚语[4]пет/pet[pɛt̪]参见保加利亚语音系
缅语[5]မေ/me[mɛ]母亲
加泰罗尼亚语[6]mel[mɛɫ]参见加泰罗尼亚语音系
汉语标准汉语[7] / tiān[tʰi̯ɛn˥] 元音高度介于中到开,取决于使用者。参见现代标准汉语音系
楚瓦什语ҫепĕç['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ]温柔
捷克语[8][9]led[lɛt]在波西米亚捷克语中这个元音介于半开前元音[ɛ]、半开次前元音[ɛ̠]和中次前元音[ɛ̝̈]间。[8]参见捷克語音系
丹麦语标准音[10][11]frisk[ˈfʁɛsk]新鲜一般记作⟨æ⟩。参见丹麦语音系
荷兰语标准音[12]bed[bɛt] 参见荷兰语音系
The Hague[13]jij[jɛ̞ː] 和标准音[ɛi]对应。
英语美国英语[14]bed[bɛd]
北英格兰英语[15]或许有低化。[15]
标准英音[16][17]老派使用者用更闭的[]。参见英语音系
苏格兰英语[18]
考克尼[19]fat[fɛt]
新加坡英语[20]
新西兰英语[21]参见新西兰英语
一些
南非英语白读使用者[22]
其他使用者将其读作[æ][a]。参见南非英语音系
贝尔法斯特英语[23]days[dɛːz]在闭音节是[iə];和标准英音[eɪ]对应。
祖鲁英语[24]mate[mɛt]同伴使用者避免met-mate合流
法罗语[25]frekt[fɹɛʰkt]贪婪参见法罗语音系
法语[26][27]bête[bɛt̪] 野兽参见法语音系
加利西亚语ferro[ˈfɛro̝]参见加利西亚语音系
格鲁吉亚语[28]დი/gedi[ɡɛdi]天鹅
德语标准德语[29][30]Bett[b̥ɛt] Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[31]参见标准德语音系
弗兰肯方言[32]oder[ˈoːdɛ]取代[ɐ]使用。[32]参见标准德语音系
北部滨海方言[32]
施瓦本口音[33]fett[fɛt]和半闭元音[e]对立。[33]参见标准德语音系
瑞士西部方言[34]See[z̥ɛː]其它口音是半闭元音[];和次开元音[æː]对立。[35] 参见标准德语音系
印度斯坦语印地语रहना[ˈɾɛɦna]留下参见印度斯坦语音系
乌尔都语رہنا
意大利语[36]bene[ˈbɛːne] 参见意大利語音系
Kaingang[37]mbre[ˈᵐbɾɛ]
韩语매미 / maemi[mɛːmi]参见韩语音系
库尔德语北库尔德语hevde[hɛvdɛ]十七参见库尔德语音系
中库尔德语هه‌ڤده‎/hevda[hɛvdæ]
南库尔德语[hɛvda]
林堡语[38][39][40]crème[kʀ̝ɛːm]泡沫例词来自马斯特里赫特方言。
立陶宛语mesti[mɛs̪t̪ɪ]参见立陶宛语音系
下索布语[41]serp[s̪ɛrp]镰刀
卢森堡语[42]Stär[ʃtɛːɐ̯]/eː//ʀ/前的同位异音。[42]参见卢森堡语音系
马其顿语[43][44]标准音мед/med[ˈmɛd̪]蜂蜜参见马其顿语音系
挪威语Sognamål[45]pest[pʰɛst]瘟疫参见挪威语音系
波兰语[46]ten[t̪ɛn̪] 这个参见波兰语音系
葡萄牙语主要方言[47][48]pé[ˈpɛ]重读元音是更低的[æ]。presence and use of 其他非重读⟨e⟩同位异音,如[ e ɪ i ɨ]据方言变化。
部分使用者[49]tempo[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]时间鼻化元音音质的不同主要在欧洲葡萄牙语中保存。参见葡萄牙語音系
罗马尼亚语特兰西瓦尼亚方言[50]vede[ˈvɛɟe](他)看和标准罗马尼亚语中元音[]对应。参见罗马尼亚语音系
俄语[51]это/eto[ˈɛt̪ə] 参见俄语音系
Shiwiar[52][比如?]/a/的同位异音。
斯洛文尼亚语met[mɛ́t]参见斯洛文尼亚语音系
西班牙语东安达卢西亚西班牙语[53]las madres[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]母亲们和其他方言[]对应,但在这些方言里它们是独立的。参见西班牙語音系
穆尔西亚地区西班牙语[53]
斯瓦西里语shule[ʃulɛ]学校
瑞典语中央标准音[54]ät[ɛ̠ːt̪]请吃有些后移。[54]参见瑞典語音系
壮语北部方言sep[θɛːp7]辣痛
南部方言hep[hɛːp7]沙哑
泰语ตร / trae[trɛː˧]号角
土耳其语[55][56]ülke[y̠l̠ˈcɛ]国家/e/的"词尾"[55]或"只出现在词组的末开音节"的同位异音。[56]参见土耳其語音系
Twiɛyɛ这是好的
乌克兰语[57]день/den'[dɛnʲ]一天参见乌克兰語音系
上索布语[41][58]čelo[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]小牛参见上索布语音系
威尔士语nesaf[nɛsav]下一个参见威尔士语音系
西弗里西亚语[59]beppe[ˈbɛpə]祖母参见西弗里西亚语
约鲁巴语[60]sẹ̀[ɛ̄sɛ]


註釋编辑

  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009),第13頁.
  2. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290頁)
  3. ^ Khan (2010),第222頁.
  4. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999),第56頁.
  5. ^ Watkins (2001),第292–293頁.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),第54頁.
  7. ^ Lin (2007),第65頁.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Dankovičová (1999),第72頁.
  9. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012),第228頁.
  10. ^ Grønnum (1998),第100頁.
  11. ^ Basbøll (2005),第45頁.
  12. ^ Gussenhoven (1992),第47頁.
  13. ^ Collins & Mees (2003),第136頁.
  14. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Lodge (2009),第163頁.
  16. ^ Schmitt (2007),第322–323頁.
  17. ^ Received Pronunciation. British Library. [2013-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25). 
  18. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006),第7頁.
  19. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979),第35頁.
  20. ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  21. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  22. ^ Lanham (1967),第9頁.
  23. ^ Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland (PDF). [2013-05-26]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-12). 
  24. ^ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English. [2008-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-17). 
  25. ^ Árnason (2011),第68, 75頁.
  26. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993),第73頁.
  27. ^ Collins & Mees (2013),第225頁.
  28. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006),第261–262頁.
  29. ^ Hall (2003),第82, 107頁.
  30. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第34頁.
  31. ^ Kohler (1999),第87頁.
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第40頁.
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64頁.
  34. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第65頁.
  35. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第34, 65頁.
  36. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),第119頁.
  37. ^ Jolkesky (2009),第676–677, 682頁.
  38. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),第159頁.
  39. ^ Peters (2006),第119頁.
  40. ^ Verhoeven (2007),第221頁.
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Stone (2002),第600頁.
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013),第70頁.
  43. ^ Friedman (2001:10頁)
  44. ^ Lunt (1952:10–11頁)
  45. ^ Haugen (2004),第30頁.
  46. ^ Jassem (2003),第105頁.
  47. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91頁.
  48. ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira (PDF). [2021-01-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-15). 
  49. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (PDF). [2021-01-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-03-06). 
  50. ^ Pop (1938),第29頁.
  51. ^ Jones & Ward (1969),第41頁.
  52. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975),第2頁.
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 Zamora Vicente (1967),第?頁.
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Engstrand (1999),第140頁.
  55. ^ 55.0 55.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005),第10頁.
  56. ^ 56.0 56.1 Zimmer & Orgun (1999),第155頁.
  57. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),第4頁.
  58. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984),第20頁.
  59. ^ Tiersma (1999),第10頁.
  60. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969),第166頁.

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外部連結编辑