Help:斯洛伐克語國際音標

下表提供在维基百科条目中以國際音標表示斯洛伐克语读音的方法。欲查看在条目中添加国际音标符号的指引，请见{{IPA-sk}}。更详细的发音信息可参见斯洛伐克语音系（英语：Slovak phonology）。

辅音
IPA	示例	英语中的近似发音
b	byť, vstup do^[1]	bill
c	radosť, loď^[2]	skew
d	domov, prvýkrát bolo^[1]	door
dz	hádzať, noc bez^[1]	heads
dʒ	džbán, cárovič bol^[1]	job
f	farba, vták^[3]	focus
ɡ	garáž, kde^[1]	go
ɦ	hlava	ahead
j	jogurt	yellow
ɟ	ďaleko, byť zaradený^[1]	与job有些相似
k	koláč, ping-pong^[2]	cold
l	láska^[4]	pill
l̩	vlk	little
l̩ː	vĺča	little left（长音）
ʎ	ľad^[4]	failure
m	maslo, hanba^[5]	milk
ɱ	informácia^[5]	comfort
n	noc^[5]	now
ɲ	laň	canyon
ŋ	banka^[5]	sing
p	pavúk, dub^[2]	spill
r	robot	类似美式英语中的hottest
r̩	prst	类似美式英语中的hottest
r̩ː	vŕba	perro（西班牙语）
s	slnko, mráz^[2]	six
ʃ	šach, rúž^[2]	shell
t	tulipán, hlad^[2]	stand
ts	cena, jedz^[2]	bats
tʃ	človek, hádž^[2]	chase
v	vzrast,^[3] Adolf bol^[1]	vine
ʋ	sever^[3]	介于vine与wine之间
x	chlieb, sneh	loch（苏格兰英语）
z	zima, ananás bol^[1]	zoo
ʒ	žena, Aleš bol^[1]	fusion

元音^[6]
IPA	示例	英语中的近似发音
單元音
a	matka	art
aː	ráno	father
æ	mäso^[7]	bat
ɛ	drevo	left
ɛː	fén	bed
i	tri, syr	kit
iː	písať, výr	leave
ɔ	dom	off
ɔː	móda	dog
u	ruža	bull
uː	úroda	food
半元音
ʊ̯	pravda, krv,^[3] Tatrou	wine
双元音
ɪ̯a	piaty	young
ɪ̯ɛ	viera	yes
ɪ̯u	vyššiu	use
ʊ̯ɔ	stôl	water

其他符号
IPA	示例	说明
ˈ	Revúca [ˈrɛʋuːtsa]	主重音一般在单词的第一个音节上

注释编辑

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Apart from being the main realization of the phonemes /b, d, dz, dʒ, ɡ, ɟ, z, ʒ/, [b, d, dz, dʒ, ɡ, ɟ, z, ʒ] also occur as allophones of /p, t, ts, tʃ, k, c, s, ʃ/ before the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɟ, ɡ, dʒ, z, ʒ, ɦ/. [v] also occurs as an allophone of /f/ in the same environment.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Apart from being the main realization of the phonemes /c, k, p, s, ʃ, t, ts, tʃ/, [c, k, p, s, ʃ, t, ts, tʃ] also occur as word-final allophones of /ɟ, ɡ, b, z, ʒ, d, dz, dʒ/ unless the following word beings with any of the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɟ, ɡ, dʒ, z, ʒ, ɦ/ and is pronounced without a pause, when they are realized as voiced [ɟ, ɡ, b, z, ʒ, d, dz, dʒ].
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The phones transcribed [f, v, ʋ, ʊ̯] are allophones of a single/v/ phoneme (but note that [f, v] are also allophones of the /f/ phoneme):
• [f] occurs word-initially before the voiceless obstruents /p, t, c, k, tʃ, s, ʃ, x/;
• [v] occurs word-initially before the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɟ, ɡ, dʒ, z, ʒ, ɦ/;
•[ʊ̯] or [ʋ] (in our transcriptions always represented as [ʊ̯]) occur in the syllable coda;
• [ʋ] occurs in all other cases (Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374頁)).
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 The /l–ʎ/ contrast is neutralized before front vowels, when only /l/ occurs. The neutralization is taken further in western dialects in which /ʎ/ merges with /l/ in all environments (Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374頁)).
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velar consonants they are [ŋ], and before labial consonants they are [m]; the labiodental [ɱ]appears before /f/ and /v/. Orthographic ⟨n⟩ before ⟨p⟩ and ⟨b⟩ is rare and is confined mostly to loanwords.
^ In the majority of cases only one long vowel per word may occur. The phonemic diphthongs /ɪ̯a, ɪ̯ɛ, ɪ̯u, ʊ̯ɔ/ count as long vowels - compare the adjectives beliansky [ˈbɛlɪ̯anski] and bratislavský [ˈbratislaʊ̯skiː]. In the latter word, there is a phonetic diphthong [aʊ̯], which is analyzed phonetically as a sequence of /a/ and /v/.
^ /æ/ often merges with /ɛ/.

参考文献编辑

Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke, Slovak (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Kráľ, Ábel, Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo, 1988
Pavlík, Radoslav, Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 2004, 55: 87–109

[voiced-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Apart from being the main realization of the phonemes /b, d, dz, dʒ, ɡ, ɟ, z, ʒ/, [b, d, dz, dʒ, ɡ, ɟ, z, ʒ] also occur as allophones of /p, t, ts, tʃ, k, c, s, ʃ/ before the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɟ, ɡ, dʒ, z, ʒ, ɦ/. [v] also occurs as an allophone of /f/ in the same environment.

[voiceless-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Apart from being the main realization of the phonemes /c, k, p, s, ʃ, t, ts, tʃ/, [c, k, p, s, ʃ, t, ts, tʃ] also occur as word-final allophones of /ɟ, ɡ, b, z, ʒ, d, dz, dʒ/ unless the following word beings with any of the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɟ, ɡ, dʒ, z, ʒ, ɦ/ and is pronounced without a pause, when they are realized as voiced [ɟ, ɡ, b, z, ʒ, d, dz, dʒ].

[v-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The phones transcribed [f, v, ʋ, ʊ̯] are allophones of a single/v/ phoneme (but note that [f, v] are also allophones of the /f/ phoneme):
• [f] occurs word-initially before the voiceless obstruents /p, t, c, k, tʃ, s, ʃ, x/;
• [v] occurs word-initially before the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɟ, ɡ, dʒ, z, ʒ, ɦ/;
•[ʊ̯] or [ʋ] (in our transcriptions always represented as [ʊ̯]) occur in the syllable coda;
• [ʋ] occurs in all other cases (Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374頁)).

[hardsoftlaterals-4] 4.0 ^4.1 The /l–ʎ/ contrast is neutralized before front vowels, when only /l/ occurs. The neutralization is taken further in western dialects in which /ʎ/ merges with /l/ in all environments (Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374頁)).

[nasal-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velar consonants they are [ŋ], and before labial consonants they are [m]; the labiodental [ɱ]appears before /f/ and /v/. Orthographic ⟨n⟩ before ⟨p⟩ and ⟨b⟩ is rare and is confined mostly to loanwords.

[6] In the majority of cases only one long vowel per word may occur. The phonemic diphthongs /ɪ̯a, ɪ̯ɛ, ɪ̯u, ʊ̯ɔ/ count as long vowels - compare the adjectives beliansky [ˈbɛlɪ̯anski] and bratislavský [ˈbratislaʊ̯skiː]. In the latter word, there is a phonetic diphthong [aʊ̯], which is analyzed phonetically as a sequence of /a/ and /v/.

[7] /æ/ often merges with /ɛ/.

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