Help:伦巴第语国际音标
下列图表展示了在维基百科条目中用國際音標（IPA）表示倫巴底語发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA-lmo}}与Baike: 格式手册/音标 § Notes。
各词语以该语言的两个主要变体——西伦巴第方言及东伦巴第方言列出。除非本地发音明显与所述事物更相关，否则这两种方言的发音在维基百科均不为首选。请参阅相关条目以了解更多信息。
目前存在几种拟议的正写法，但没有一种正写法足够全面、足以涵盖所有方言，且目前尚未就伦巴第语通用书面标准达成最终协议。此处西伦巴第方言采用古典米兰方言正字法，东伦巴第方言采用东方统一正字法。当一个单词在两种正写法中拼写相同时，只列出一次。
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注释编辑
- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Lombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]. In such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, and in the East, /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 /dz/ and /ts/ contrast with /z/ and /s/ only in some Western dialects.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 /ʒ/ is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (pedrioeu [pedriˈøː], Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ([ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western temp [ˈtẽːp], Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] and Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
- ^ In Eastern dialects, /ʃ/ may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
- ^ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pó de ènt [om ˈpo de ˈɛnt].
- ^ Only in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel length is phonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys", gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot], góte [ˈɡotɛ]).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], but in others, it is [i].
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Final rounding of unstressed /a/ to [ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /aː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).
- ^ Realization varies between [ø] and [œ].
- ^ Realization varies between [aː] and [ɑː].
外部链接编辑
- Bonfadini, Giovanni. lombardi, dialetti [Lombard dialects]. Enciclopedia Treccani （意大利语）.
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