Help:希臘語國際音標

下列表格显示的是在维基百科条目中用国际音标（IPA）表记的古希腊语和现代希腊语的音韵结构。目前古希腊语的发音常用希腊语罗马字转写系统表示，而希腊本土居民常用现代希腊语词句表示。

关于此语言的具体的音韵结构，参见古代希腊语音系和现代希腊语音系。

辅音
希腊字母	IPA		示例	英语近似发音	普通话近似发音
希腊字母	古希腊语	现代希腊语	示例	英语近似发音	普通话近似发音
῾	h	∅	ἥρως [hɛ̌ːrɔːs], [ˈiros]	hero (仅古希腊语)	没有相应发音
β	b	v	βίος [ˈvios]	vet	没有相应发音
γ	ɡ	ɣ	γάλα [ˈɣala]	没有相应发音	没有相应发音
γ	ɡ	ʝ^[1]	γη [ʝi]	yellow	有 yŏu
δ	d	ð	δῆμος [dɛ̂ːmos], [ðimos]	then	的 dē 浊音
ζ	dz^[2]	z	ζώνη [ˈzoni]	zero	斯 sī 浊音
θ	tʰ	θ	θεολογία [θeoloˈʝia]	thing	没有相应发音
κ	k	k	καλός [kaˈlos]	sky	哥 gē
κ	k	c^[1]	κύκλος [ˈciklos]	诸如 key	开 kāi
λ	l	l	λεξικό [leksiˈko]	lie	啦 lā
λ	l	ʎ^[3]	ελιά [e̞ˈʎa]	million	没有相应发音
μ	m	m	μηχανικός [mixaniˈkos]	mine	马 mă
ν	n	n	νέος [ˈneos]	nine	你 nǐ
ν	n	ɲ^[3]	νιότη [ˈɲoti]	onion	近似于年 nián
ξ	ks		ξενοφοβία [ksenofoˈvia]	tax
π	p		πρόγραμμα [ˈproɣrama]	spy	普 pǔ
ρ	r	r^[4]	ρητορική [ritoriˈci]	trilled r，如同意大利语和西班牙语	没有相应发音
ῥ	r̥^[5]	r^[4]		trilled r，如同意大利语和西班牙语	没有相应发音
σ^[6]	s		σύστημα [ˈsistima]	sea	斯 sī
τ	t		τηλέφωνο [tiˈlefono]	step	的 dē
φ	pʰ	f	φαινόμενο [feˈnomeno]	fly	发 fā
χ	kʰ	x	χάος [ˈxaos]	loch (苏格兰)	韩 hán
χ	kʰ	ç^[1]	χειρόγραφος [çiˈroɣrafos]	(通常) human
ψ	ps		ψυχοθεραπεία [psixoθeraˈpia]	tips
γγ		ŋɡ, ŋɣ^[7]	αγγούρι [aŋˈɡuri]/συγγραφέας [siŋɣraˈfeas]	finger	方 fāng
γγ		ɲɟ, ɲʝ^[1]^[7]	άγγελος [ˈaɲɟelos]/εγγενής [eɲʝeˈnis]	angel	没有相应发音
γκ		ɡ, ŋɡ^[7]	εγκώμιο [eŋˈɡomio]	good, finger	方 fāng
γκ		ɟ, ɲɟ^[1]^[7]	εγκυκλοπαίδεια [eɲɟikloˈpeðia]	argue, angular	没有相应发音
γχ		ŋx^[7]	άγχος [ˈaŋxos]	often ankh
γχ		ɲç^[1]^[7]	εγχείριση [eɲˈçirisi]	sometimes ankhes
γξ		ŋks	έλεγξα [ˈeleŋksa]	thanks
μπ		b, mb^[7]	εμπάθεια [emˈbaθia]	book, amble
ντ		d, nd^[7]	εντάξει [enˈdaksi]	duck, under	大 dà 浊音
τσ		ts	τσάι [ˈtsai]	cats	擦 cā
τζ		dz	τζαζ [ˈdzaz]	pads	资 zī 浊音

元音
希腊字母	IPA		示例	英语相似发音	普通话近似发音
希腊字母	古希腊语	现代希腊语	示例	英语相似发音	普通话近似发音
α	a	a	αλφάβητο [alˈfavito]	tar, spa	阿 ā
α	aː	a		tar, spa	阿 ā
αι	aj	e		介于 bet 和 bait 之间	白 bái
ε	e	e	ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia]	介于 bet 和 bait 之间	黑 hēi
ει	eː	i^[8]^[9]	ενέργεια [eˈnerʝia]	seem	黑 hēi
η	ɛː		ηθική [iθiˈci]		元 yuán
ι	i		ιστορία [istoˈria]		提 tí
ι	iː				提 tí
υ^[10]	y		υγιεινή [iʝiiˈni]		绿 lǜ
υ^[10]	yː				绿 lǜ
οι	oj		οικονομία [ikonoˈmia]
υι	uj		υιός [iˈos]
ο	o	o	οργανισμός [orɣanizˈmos]	hope	我 wǒ
ω	ɔː	o	ώρα [ˈora]	hope	我 wǒ
αυ	aw	av, af	αύρα [ˈavra] /αυθεντικός [afθendiˈkos]	[a] 之后接[v] / [f]
ευ	ew	ev, ef	ευρώπη [evˈropi] / ευφορία [efoˈria]	[e̞] 之后接 [v] / [f]
ηυ	ɛːw	iv, if	εφηύρα [eˈfivra] / ηυξημένος [ifksiˈmenos]	[i] 之后接[v] / [f]
ου	oː	u	ουτοπία [utoˈpia]	boot	不 bù

重音和声调
IPA	示例
古希腊语
á		Acute:短元音的高声调
ǎː		Acute: 长音和双元音的升调
a		Grave: 低声调
âː		Circumflex:长音和双元音的降调
现代希腊语
ˈa	άλλος [ˈalos]	重音符号：其后的元音重读

注释编辑

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ‹γ›, ‹κ›, ‹χ›, ‹γγ›, ‹γκ›, ‹γχ› represent palatal [ʝ c ç ɲɟ ɲç] only before the front vowels [i] and [e]. The velar and palatal series are sometimes analyzed asallophones of a single dorsal series.
^ Also may have been /zd/.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 [ʎ] and [ɲ] are usually analysed as clusters of/li/and /ni/ respectively, and are also spelled accordingly in Greek orthography. Palatalized pronunciation presupposes the presence of yet another vowel after the palatalized consonant and its following /i/. If there is no subsequent second vowel, palatalization does not occur.
^ May be a tap [ɾ] intervocalically.
^ May have been /rʰ/.
^ ‹σ› represents [z] before [b v m r ɣ] eg:Σμήνος[ˈzminos]
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 ^7.7 γκ, μπ, ντ usually represent [ŋɡ~ɲɟ mb nd] when found in the middle of a Greek word, [ɡ~ɟ b d] when found in any foreign word or in the beginning of the a Greek one. eg: αμπέλι [amˈbeli], μπαμπάς [baˈbas]
^ The large number of mergers into Modern Greek /i/ is calledIotacism.
^ Letters normally representing /i/ can also indicate a palatal pronunciation of dorsal consonants when appearing before other vowels: i.e instead of velar [ɣ k x ɡ], palatal [ʝ c ç ɟ] occur (eg: γιαγιά [ʝaˈʝa], κιόλας [ˈcolas], χιόνι [ˈçoni], μαγκιά [maˈɟa]. A similar process has a palatal fricative follow other consonants; [ʝ] follows voiced consonants [v b d ð z r] (eg:χέρια[ˈcerʝa], βαριέμαι [varˈʝeme]) and [ç] follows voiceless consonants [f p θ t s t͡s] (eg:καρφιά [karfˈça], ποιος [pços], ρεβύθια [reˈviθça]). Similarly [ɲ] follows [m] under similar situations (eg: μια [mɲa], καλαμιά [kalaˈmɲa]
^ When following a vowel, ‹υ› represents a pronunciation with[f] before ‹θ›, ‹κ›, ‹ξ›, ‹π›, ‹σ›, ‹τ›, ‹φ›, ‹χ›, ‹ψ›, and a pronunciation with [v]elsewhere.

外部链接编辑

[palatal-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ‹γ›, ‹κ›, ‹χ›, ‹γγ›, ‹γκ›, ‹γχ› represent palatal [ʝ c ç ɲɟ ɲç] only before the front vowels [i] and [e]. The velar and palatal series are sometimes analyzed asallophones of a single dorsal series.

[2] Also may have been /zd/.

[ln-3] 3.0 ^3.1 [ʎ] and [ɲ] are usually analysed as clusters of/li/and /ni/ respectively, and are also spelled accordingly in Greek orthography. Palatalized pronunciation presupposes the presence of yet another vowel after the palatalized consonant and its following /i/. If there is no subsequent second vowel, palatalization does not occur.

[4] May be a tap [ɾ] intervocalically.

[5] May have been /rʰ/.

[6] ‹σ› represents [z] before [b v m r ɣ] eg:Σμήνος[ˈzminos]

[prenasal-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 ^7.7 γκ, μπ, ντ usually represent [ŋɡ~ɲɟ mb nd] when found in the middle of a Greek word, [ɡ~ɟ b d] when found in any foreign word or in the beginning of the a Greek one. eg: αμπέλι [amˈbeli], μπαμπάς [baˈbas]

[8] The large number of mergers into Modern Greek /i/ is calledIotacism.

[soften-9] Letters normally representing /i/ can also indicate a palatal pronunciation of dorsal consonants when appearing before other vowels: i.e instead of velar [ɣ k x ɡ], palatal [ʝ c ç ɟ] occur (eg: γιαγιά [ʝaˈʝa], κιόλας [ˈcolas], χιόνι [ˈçoni], μαγκιά [maˈɟa]. A similar process has a palatal fricative follow other consonants; [ʝ] follows voiced consonants [v b d ð z r] (eg:χέρια[ˈcerʝa], βαριέμαι [varˈʝeme]) and [ç] follows voiceless consonants [f p θ t s t͡s] (eg:καρφιά [karfˈça], ποιος [pços], ρεβύθια [reˈviθça]). Similarly [ɲ] follows [m] under similar situations (eg: μια [mɲa], καλαμιά [kalaˈmɲa]

[10] When following a vowel, ‹υ› represents a pronunciation with[f] before ‹θ›, ‹κ›, ‹ξ›, ‹π›, ‹σ›, ‹τ›, ‹φ›, ‹χ›, ‹ψ›, and a pronunciation with [v]elsewhere.

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