美洲原住民語言
美洲原住民語言并不是一种语言,甚至也不是属于一种语系,而是美洲所有原住民的各种语言的总称。其中瑪雅語曾经有自己的文字系统。随着15世纪末开始西方殖民主义者的到来,美洲原住民数量在几百年的时间里锐减,再加上文化的同化,大部分美洲原住民语言都已经灭绝,目前即使会说美洲土著语言的大部分人也是操双语的人群。因为缺少研究材料,对美洲土著语言的研究很不足,目前对許多美洲土著语言的分类说法不一,尚不能把语系确定下来,只能暂时分为语组,大致有如下个语组,有几百种以上的语言,有许多语言现在能流利的说的人不足几十甚至几个人,大部分已经灭绝。
根据UNESCO的说法,美洲的大多数土著语言都处于严重濒危状态,许多语言已经成为休眠语言(没有母语使用者,但有一群遗产语言的使用者)或完全灭绝。大多数广泛使用的土著语言是南部克丘亚语(主要在南秘鲁和玻利维亚使用)和瓜拉尼语(以巴拉圭为中心,与西班牙语共同享有国家语言地位),大约有六七百万使用者(在瓜拉尼语的情况下,包括许多欧洲血统的人)。只有6种其他语言的使用者超过一百万;这些语言包括玻利维亚的艾马拉语和墨西哥的纳瓦特尔语,各有将近两百万使用者;危地马拉和墨西哥的玛雅语言克克其语、基切语和尤卡坦玛雅语,大约各有一百万使用者;可能还有一两种在秘鲁和厄瓜多尔的克丘亚语。在美国,根据2010年人口普查,有372,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[1]在加拿大,根据2011年人口普查,有133,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[2]在格陵兰,约90%的人口讲格陵兰语,这是最广泛使用的爱斯基摩语。
語系種類编辑
北美洲编辑
- 爱斯基摩-阿留申语系(Eskimo-Aleut)分布于北极地带,包括:
- 瓦卡希語系(Wakashan)分布於北美西北海岸與溫哥華島
- 蘇-卡塔巴语系(Siouan–Catawban)分布於北美大平原大部分:
- 西部蘇語族(Western Siouan)
- 蘇族語
- 阿西尼博因語(Assiniboine)
- 納科塔語(Stoney)
- 克羅語(Crow)
- 卡塔巴語族†(Catawban†)
- 西部蘇語族(Western Siouan)
- 基歐瓦-塔諾安語系(Kiowa-Tanoan)分布於北美大平原,新墨西哥、堪薩斯、奧克拉荷馬與德克薩斯:
- 基歐瓦語(Kiowa)
- 傑梅茲語(Jemez)
- 提瓦語(Tiwa)
- 帖瓦語(Tewa)
- 卡多语系(Caddoan)分布於北美大平原,現今分布於北達科他南部與奧克拉荷馬
- 穆斯科吉语系(Muskogean)分布於美國東南部:
中美洲编辑
南美洲编辑
- 舒阿尔语系(Shuar)分布在亚马逊河上游森林中地区
參考文獻编辑
引用编辑
- ^ Census Shows Native Languages Count. Language Magazine. [2020-08-16] (美国英语).
- ^ Population by Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Aboriginal language spoken on a regular basis at home, for Canada, provinces and territories. [May 18, 2020].
来源编辑
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外部連結编辑
- Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos
- Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database
- South American Languages
- Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (SAIVUS)
- Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos
- Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama
- The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
- Indigenous Language Institute (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (SSILA)
- Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)
- Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest
- Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
- Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)
- Native Languages of the Americas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- International Journal of American Linguistics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages
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