镍化合物

镍化合物和其它元素形成的化合物。镍在化合物中,最稳定的价态是+2价,此外,还存在+3、+4两种高价态和+1、0、-1、-2四种低价态。镍的配位化合物是多彩的,不同配体能使镍(II)产生不同的颜色,如最常见的[Ni(H2O)6]2+是以水为配体的配离子,它显绿色。

从左至右分别为[Ni(NH
3
)
6
]2+
、[Ni(C2H4(NH2)2)₃]2+[NiCl
4
]2−
[Ni(H
2
O)
6
]2+
四种镍(II)的配离子。

无机化合物编辑

氧化物和氢氧化物编辑

镍可以形成NiO、Ni2O3等二元氧化物和多元氧化物,后者有时称作镍酸盐英语Oxonickelates

镍最常见的氢氧化物Ni(OH)2和NiO(OH)。它们存在于镍镉电池镍氢电池中。Ni(OH)2可由硝酸镍氢氧化钾反应得到:[1]

Ni(NO3)2 + 2 KOH → Ni(OH)2↓ + 2 KNO3

硫属化合物编辑

镍和可以形成多种二元化合物。如镍的硫化物有NiS、NiS2、Ni3S4、Ni7S6等数种,其中NiS2具有黄铁矿结构,Ni3S4具有尖晶石结构。镍的三元硫属化物也有很多报道,例如橙黄色的KNi2S2[2]、金色的K2Ni3Se4[3],以及金绿色带有金属光泽的Rb2Ni3S4[4]等。

镍可以形成两种钋化物:NiPo和NiPo2[5]

镍最常见的硫属含氧酸盐是硫酸镍(NiSO4),它可以形成黄色的无水物、蓝绿色的六水合物和暗绿色的七水合物。[1]其中,无水物由水合物直接加热脱水得到。四方晶系的六水合物可在30.7°C至53.8°C的水溶液中结晶得到,在此温度之上得到正交晶系的六水合物,在此温度之下得到七水合物。X射线衍射表明,六水合物中存在八面体的[Ni(H2O)6]2+,并由氢键SO2−
4
相连。[6]碳酸镍硒酸溶液反应,从溶液中可以结晶出绿色的六水合硒酸镍(NiSeO4·6H2O)。硒酸镍和硫酸镍都是易溶于水的镍盐。[1]

磷属化合物编辑

叠氮化镍(Ni(N3)2)是镍和氮形成的化合物,易爆。它由碳酸镍和叠氮酸反应得到。它受热分解为金属粉和氮气[7]它可以以二水合物(Ni(N3)2·2H2O)和碱式盐(Ni(OH)N3)的形式存在。[8]氨基镍(Ni(NH2)2)是暗红色固体,分子中含有被12个氨基围绕的Ni6簇。[9]取代胺基镍也是已知的。

四羰基镍(Ni(CO)4)和一氧化氮作用,生成浅蓝色的亚硝基配合物Ni(NO)(NO2),它是一种易自燃的活泼化合物。[10]

Ni(CO)4 + 4 NO → Ni(NO)(NO2) + N2O + 4 CO

硝酸镍(Ni(NO3)2)是镍的硝酸盐,存在无水物水合物,水合物以墨绿色的六水合物最为常见。硝酸镍易溶于水。硝酸镍溶液和氨反应,生成硝酸六氨合镍([Ni(NH3)6](NO3)2[11],和水合肼反应,生产硝酸三肼合镍([Ni(N2H4)3](NO3)2[12]

镍有多种磷化物,最常见的是Ni2P。由于磷化物的结构,它比硫化镍具有更高的催化活性。Ni2P可用于催化加氢脱硫、加氢脱氮等反应。[13]

镍和三氟化磷在100°C和350 atm下反应,可以得到四(三氟化磷)镍,该化合物中镍原子的氧化态为0。三苯基膦也能和镍形成若干种配合物。[10]镍盐和KPH2反应,可以制得氨基镍的同类物Ni(PH2)2。该化合物可溶于KPH2的液氨溶液,生成配合物K2[Ni(PH2)4]。[10]

磷酸氢二钠和镍盐溶液反应,生成绿色的八水合磷酸镍(Ni3(PO4)2·8H2O),而磷酸铵和镍盐溶液反应,得到的是磷酸镍铵(NH4NiPO4)。[10]

卤化物编辑

六水合氯化镍

镍(II)的四种卤化物都是已知的,它们都存在无水物和水合物。氟化镍(NiF2)是黄色固体,具有金红石结构,可以形成三水合物NiF2·3H2O。[14]四水合物也是已知的。[15]

氯化镍(NiCl2)是黄色晶体,具有CdCl2结构。它可以形成六水合物(NiCl2·6H2O),在29°C以上结晶,可以得到四水合物(NiCl2·4H2O),在64°C以上结晶,可以形成二水合物(NiCl2·2H2O)。[14]

溴化镍(NiBr2)是黄色晶体,具有CdCl2结构。它可以形成六水合物(NiBr2·6H2O)。[14]在29°C以上结晶,得到三水合物(NiBr2·3H2O)和二水合物(NiBr2·2H2O)。[16]在2°C以下从溶液中结晶,得到九水合物(NiBr2·9H2O)。[14]二溴化六氨合镍(II)(Ni(NH3)6Br2)是蓝色至紫色的晶体,难溶于低温下的液氨中,但可溶于沸腾的液氨中。此外,一氨、二氨和二配合物也是已知的。[14]

碘化镍(NiI2)是黑色晶体,具有CdCl2结构。它可以形成绿色的六水合物(NiI2·6H2O)、棕色的二氨合物(NiI2•2NH3)和蓝紫色的六氨合物。[14]

高价镍的卤化物仅已知氟镍化合物。

镍(II)的卤配合物,如四氯合镍酸盐英语tetrachloronickelate[NiCl
4
]2−
)、四溴合镍酸盐英语tetrabromonickelate[NiBr
4
]2−
)和四碘合镍酸盐英语tetraiodonickelate[NiI
4
]2−
)都是已知的。[17]

其它编辑

镍在饱和二氧化碳的水中电解,可以得到碳酸镍(NiCO3);它也可由氯化镍和碳酸氢钠反应得到。Ni2MO4(M=Si, Ge, Sn)的盐是已知的,它们可由一氧化镍和相应的二氧化物在高温下反应得到[18][19]。偏锡酸镍(NiSnO3)可由其二水合物在127 °C分解得到。[19]Ni[Pb(OH)6]由Na2[Pb(OH)6]和Ni(NO3)2在85%乙醇中反应得到。[19]

镍的有机酸盐编辑

镍可以和有机酸成盐,在大部分的这类化合物中,有机酸的酸根作为配体与镍配位。镍的有机酸盐数量很多,一些已知结构的化合物参见下表:

化学式名称分子量晶系晶胞参数(Å)°VZ密度颜色参考文献
abcβÅ3g/cm3
Ni(HCOO)
2
 · 2H2O
甲酸镍二水合物单斜8.607.069.2196°50′4[20]
[Ni20{(C5H6O4)20(H2O)8}] • 40H2O戊二酸镍水合物立方16.5814559浅绿色[21]
Ni
9
(OH)
2
(H
2
O)
6
(C
4
H
5
O
2
)
8
 · 2H2O
碱式环丙酸镍水合物正交14.81024.24624.607883641.554亮绿[22]
Ni5(OH)2(C4H5O2)8碱式环丙酸镍正交19.40618.46621.57990773382.172浅绿[22]
[Ni3(CF3COO)6(CF3COOH)6](CF3COOH)三氟乙酸氢镍三氟乙酸合物三方13.30753.13814862.205祖母绿[23]
[Ni3(CF3COO)6(CF3COOH)2(H2O)4](CF3COOH)2三氟乙酸氢镍三氟乙酸合物水合物三斜9.1210.37912.109α=84.59° β=72.20° γ=82.80°1080.912.124祖母绿[23]
K2[Ni(C6H5O7)(H2O)2]2·4H2O柠檬酸镍钾四水合物三斜6.7299.10010.594α=94.86 β=100.76 γ=103.70613.511.942绿色[24]
K2[Ni2(C6H5O7)2(H2O)4]·4H2O四水合[四水(μ-柠檬酸根-k4O:O',O'',O''')合镍(II)酸钾]717.94单斜10.61613.0069.051393.091247.821.911绿色[25]
N(CH3)4[Ni4(C6H4O7)3(OH)(H2O)]·18H2O碱式柠檬酸镍四甲基铵水合物三斜11.8414.2920.9396.16 β=106.36 γ=94.8933521浅绿色[24][26]
Na2[Ni(C6H4O7)] • 2H2O柠檬酸镍钠绿色[27]
(NH4)2[Ni(HCit) • 2H2O]2 • 2H2O柠檬酸镍铵639.79三斜6.4079.4719.6904α=105.064 β=91.99 γ=89.33567.511.872绿色[28]
(NH4)4[Ni(HCit)2] • 2H2O二柠檬酸根合镍(II)酸四铵545.10单斜9.36113.4969.424115.4761074.921.684[28]
(NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6][Ti(H2cit)3]2·6H2O柠檬酸二氢钛六水合镍铵六水合物1547.43六方15.5627.6901605.511.600浅绿[29]
[Ni(C5H7O2)2]3乙酰丙酮镍256.91正交23.239.6415.65350541.46绿色[30]
Ni[C4O4] • 2H2O方酸镍立方8.0688.0688.06890°5251.93绿色[31]
Ni[C4O4] • 8H2O方酸镍八水合物428.93单斜10.2886.37212.852106.98805.821.768绿色[32]
Ni[C5O5] • 3H2O环戊烯五酸镍三水合物正交绿色[33]
K2[Ni(C5O5)2(H2O)2] • 4H2O环戊烯五酸镍钾四水合物525.11单斜8.0156.66016.48990.20880.121.982绿色[34]
Ni(C5H5COO)2 • 2H2O苯甲酸镍二水合物354.98单斜6.134134.1806.979395.3311457.041.618浅绿[35]
Ni[C6H4(COO)(COOH)]2 • 6H2O邻苯二甲酸氢镍六水合物单斜16.0245.57412.500113.4221.611[36]
Ni[C6H4(COO)2] • 4H2O对苯二甲酸镍四水合物绿色[37]
Ni(OH)[C6H4(COO)(COOH)] • H2O碱式对苯二甲酸镍水合物绿色[37]
镍化合物可以用丁二酮肟试剂来检验,水溶液的镍离子可以和丁二酮肟形成桃红色的配合物,这一反应是特征性的,不受其它常见离子干扰。[38]左:丁二酮肟试剂;中:Ni2+溶液;右:含Ni2+和其它多种金属离子的混合溶液

有机化合物编辑

四羰基镍(Ni(CO)4)是无色易挥发的剧毒液体,可用于金属镍的提纯[39]。它可用于制备含Ni=C双键的卡宾配合物;或与烯丙基卤化物反应,得到π-烯丙基配合物。[40]二茂镍(Ni(C5H5)2)是镍的环戊二烯配合物,为绿色晶体,可由氯化六氨合镍和环戊二烯基钠反应得到:[41]

[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 + 2 NaC5H5 → Ni(C5H5)2 + 2 NaCl + 6 NH3

二茂镍可以参与醇(酚)解反应,如与五氟苯酚亚铊反应,生成镍的酚配合物Tl2[Ni(OArF)4]。[42]含取代基的二(镍杂环戊二烯)铁于2020年被合成出来。[43]

参考文献编辑

引用编辑

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来源编辑

  • Nichols, David. The chemistry of iron, cobalt and nickel. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. 1975. ISBN 0080188737. 

参见编辑