山茶属

山茶属
	茶树（Camellia sinensis）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：	菊类植物 Asterids
目：	杜鹃花目 Ericales
科：	山茶科 Theaceae
族：	山茶族 Theeae
属：	山茶属 Camellia; L., 1753
模式種
	山茶花; Camellia japonica; L., 1753

山茶属（学名：Camellia），或稱茶屬，是山茶科的一大属。品種約有200余種。主要分布中國的長江以南至雲南及越南等東亞與東南亞地區。其中的茶樹產茶葉，許多种也可以做觀賞植物^[1]。

属名Camellia为纪念耶稣会传教士乔治·约瑟夫·卡梅尔（George Joseph Kamel，1667-1706）而命名。

特征编辑

山茶属为一类灌木或乔木植物。叶多为革质，羽状脉，有锯齿，具柄，少数抱茎叶近无柄。花两性，顶生或腋生，单花或2-3朵并生，有短柄；苞片2-6片，或更多；萼片5-6，分离或基部连生，有时更多，苞片与萼片有时逐渐转变，组成苞被，从6片多至15片，脱落或宿存；花冠白色或红色，有时黄色，基部多少连合；花瓣5-12片，栽培种常为重瓣，覆瓦状排列；雄蕊多数，排成2-6轮，外轮花丝常于下半部连合成花丝管，并与花瓣基部合生；花药纵裂，背部着生，有时为基部着生；子房上位，3-5室，花柱5-3条或5-3裂；每室有胚珠数个。果为蒴果，5-3爿自上部裂开，少数从下部裂开，果爿木质或栓质；中轴存在，或因2室不育而无中轴；种子圆球形或半圆形，种皮角质，胚乳丰富。^[2]

物種编辑

根据世界植物在线数据库的记录，本属目前包含以下224种：^[3]

Camellia albata Orel & Curry
Camellia amplexicaulis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
抱茎短蕊茶 Camellia amplexifolia Merr. & Chun
Camellia anderseniae Orel
Camellia andrefrancisii Orel & Curry
安龙瘤果茶 Camellia anlungensis Hung T.Chang
Camellia annamensis N.S.Lý, V.D.Lương, N.Đ.Đỗ, T.H.Lê & T.L.Nguyễn^[4]
大萼毛蕊茶 Camellia assimiloides Sealy
五室金花茶 Camellia aurea Hung T.Chang
假大头茶 Camellia azalea C.F.Wei
Camellia bidoupensis Truong Luong & Tran
Camellia brevistaminata Orel & Curry
短柱茶 Camellia brevistyla (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
Camellia bugiamapensis Orel Curry,Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
Camellia campanulata OrelCurry & Luu
白毛蕊茶 Camellia candida HungT.Chang
Camellia capitata Orel Curry & Luu
Camellia cattienensis Orel
长尾毛蕊茶 Camellia caudata Wall.
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu
Camellia cherryana Orel
Camellia chinmeiae S.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
薄叶金花茶 Camellia chrysanthoides Hung T.Chang
Camellia columna Orel & Curry
Camellia compacta Orel & Curry
Camellia concinna Orel & Curry
泰国管蕊茶 Camellia connata (Craib)Craib
Camellia corallina (Gagnep.)Sealy
心叶毛蕊茶 Camellia cordifolia (F.P.Metcalf)Nakai
突肋茶 Camellia costata S.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
贵州连蕊茶 Camellia costei H.Lév.
红皮糙果茶 Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher
厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna HungT.Chang
厚柄连蕊茶 Camellia crassipes Sealy
Camellia crassiphylla Ninh & Hakoda
Camellia crassisepala Orel & Curry
Camellia cuongiana Orel & Curry
滇南连蕊茶 Camellia cupiformis T.L.Ming
Camellia curryana Orel & Luu
尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata (Kochs)Bean
Camellia dalatensis V.D.Luong Ninh & Hakoda
德保金花茶 Camellia debaoensis R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liu fu
Camellia decora Orel Curry & Luu
Camellia dilinhensis Ninh & V.D.Luong
Camellia discorsa Orel & Curry
Camellia dongnaicensis Orel
Camellia dormoyana (Pierre)Sealy
Camellia drupifera Lour.
Camellia duyana Orel Curry & Luu
尖萼红山茶 Camellia edithae Hance
Camellia elizabethae Orel & Curry
长管连蕊茶] Camellia elongata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson)Rehder
Camellia erubescens Orel & Curry
显脉金花茶 Camellia euphlebia Merr.ex Sealy
柃叶连蕊茶 Camellia euryoides Lindl.
Camellia exigua Orel & Curry
防城茶 Camellia fangchengensis S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
Camellia fansipanensis J.M.H.Shaw Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
簇蕊金花茶 Camellia fascicularis Hung T.Chang
Camellia flava (Pit.)Sealy
淡黄金花茶 Camellia flavida Hung T.Chang
Camellia fleuryi (A.Chev.)Sealy
Camellia flosculora Curry V.S.Le,T.Q.Cuong & V.D.Luong
窄叶短柱茶 Camellia fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.
Camellia foleyana Orel & Curry
蒙自连蕊茶 Camellia forrestii (Diels)Cohen-Stuart
Camellia fragilis Orel & Curry
毛柄连蕊茶 Camellia fraterna Hance
Camellia fulva Orel & Curry
糙果茶 Camellia furfuracea (Merr.)Cohen-Stuart
硬叶糙果茶 Camellia gaudichaudii (Gagnep.)Sealy
Camellia gilbertii (A.Chev.)Sealy
秃助连蕊茶 Camellia glabricostata T.L.Ming
Camellia gracilipes Merr.ex Sealy
大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Hung T.Chang,Y.J.Tan,F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
大苞山茶 Camellia granthamiana Sealy
长瓣短柱茶 Camellia grijsii Hance
秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Hung T.Chang
海南油茶 Camellia hainanica Y.L.Zhao & Z.G.Xu
Camellia harlandii Orel & Curry
Camellia hatinhensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
河口超长柄茶 Camellia hekouensis C.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
冬红短柱茶 Camellia hiemalis Nakai
Camellia hirsuta Hakoda & Ninh
Camellia honbaensis Luu Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
Camellia hongiaoensis Orel & Curry
香港红山茶 Camellia hongkongensis Seem.
贵州金花茶 Camellia huana T.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
Camellia huulungensis Rosmann & Ninh
冬青叶山茶 Camellia ilicifolia Y.K.Li
Camellia illia Orel & Curry
凹脉金花茶 Camellia impressinervis Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
中越山茶 Camellia indochinensis Merr.
Camellia ingens Orel & Curry
Camellia insularis Orel & Curry
Camellia × intermedia (Tuyama) Nagam.
Camellia inusitata Orel Curry & Luu
山茶 Camellia japonica L.
Camellia kirinoi Ninh
落瓣短柱茶 Camellia kissii Wall.
Camellia krempfii (Gagnep.)Sealy
广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Hung T.Chang
管蕊茶 Camellia lanceolata (Blume)Seem.
Camellia langbianensis (Gagnep.)P.H.Hô
Camellia laotica (Gagnep.)T.L.Ming
Camellia latifolia Orel & Curry
四川毛蕊茶 Camellia lawii Sealy
膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
Camellia ligustrina Orel Curry & Luu
长萼连蕊茶 Camellia longicalyx Hung T.Chang
Camellia longii Orel & Luu
长柄山茶 Camellia longipedicellata (Hu)Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
超长柄茶 Camellia longissima Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
Camellia lucii Orel & Curry
Camellia luongii Ninh & Le
Camellia lutchuensis T.Itô
云南管蕊茶 Camellia luteocalpandria S.X.Yang & E.D.Liu
Camellia luteocerata Orel
小黄花茶 Camellia luteoflora Y.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
Camellia luteonerva Orel & Curry
Camellia luteopallida V.D.Luong T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
Camellia maiana Orel
毛蕊红山茶 Camellia mairei (H.Lév.)Melch.
牦牛山山茶 Camellia maoniushanensis J.L.Liu & Q.Luo
Camellia megasepala Hung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
广东毛蕊茶 Camellia melliana Hand.-Mazz.
小花金花茶 Camellia micrantha S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
弥勒糙果茶 Camellia mileensis T.L.Ming
富宁金花茶 Camellia mingii S.X.Yang
Camellia minima Orel & Curry
Camellia mollis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
Camellia montana (Blanco)Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
Camellia multigemma Orel & Curry
Camellia murauchii Ninh & Hakoda
Camellia namkadingensis Soulad. & Tagane
Camellia nematodea (Gagnep.)Sealy
Camellia nervosa (Gagnep.)Hung T.Chang
Camellia ngheanensis N.D.DoV.D.Luong,N.S.Lý,T.H.Lê & D.H.Nguyễn
Camellia ninhii V.D.Luong & Le
Camellia oconoriana Orel Curry & Luu
油茶 Camellia oleifera C.Abel
厚短蕊茶 Camellia pachyandra Hu
Camellia pallida Orel & Curry
细花短蕊茶 Camellia parviflora Merr. & ChunexSealy
小瘤果茶 Camellia parvimuricata Hung T.Chang
Camellia parvula Orel & Curry
腺叶离蕊茶 Camellia paucipunctata (Merr. & Chun)Chun
Camellia pentagonalema Orel & Curry
四季花金花茶 Camellia perpetua S. Ye Liang & L. D. Huang
金花茶 Camellia petelotii (Merr.)Sealy
Camellia phanii Hakoda & Ninh
Camellia philippinensis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
毛籽离蕊茶 Camellia pilosperma S.Yun Liang
平果金花茶 Camellia pingguoensis D.Fang
Camellia piquetiana (Pierre)Sealy
Camellia pirifructa Orel & Curry
西南红山茶 Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart
Camellia pleurocarpa (Gagnep.)Sealy
多齿红山茶 Camellia polyodonta F.C.How ex Hu
Camellia proensis V.D.Luong Dudkin & V.H.Quach
Camellia psilocarpa X.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla HungT.Chang
Camellia pubicosta Merr.
毛糙果茶 Camellia pubifurfuracea Y.C.Zhong
毛瓣金花茶 Camellia pubipetala Y.Wan & S.Z.Huang
Camellia puhoatensis N.S.Lý V.D.Luong,T.H.Lê,D.H.Nguyễn & N.D.Do
Camellia pukhangensis N.D.Do V.D.Luong,S.T.Hoang & T.H.Lê
Camellia pulchella Orel & Curry
斑枝毛蕊茶 Camellia punctata (Kochs)Cohen-Stuart
Camellia pyriparva Orel & Curry
Camellia pyxidiacea Z.R.XuF.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
Camellia quangcuongii L.V.Dung S.T.Hoang & Nhan
Camellia reflexa Orel & Curry
Camellia renshanxiangiae C.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
滇山茶 Camellia reticulata Lindl.
皱果茶 Camellia rhytidocarpa HungT.Chang & S.YeLiang
Camellia rosacea Tagane Soulad. & Yahara
玫瑰连蕊茶 Camellia rosiflora Hook.
Camellia rosmannii Ninh
川萼连蕊茶 Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz.
喙果金花茶 Camellia rostrata S.X.Yang & S.F.Chai^[5]
圆基茶 Camellia rotundata Chang et Yu，接受名为：厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna
Camellia rubriflora Ninh & Hakoda
柳叶毛蕊茶 Camellia salicifolia Champ.
怒江红山茶 Camellia saluenensis StapfexBean
茶梅 Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
Camellia scabrosa Orel & Curry
老挝茶 Camellia sealyana T.L.Ming
南山茶 Camellia semiserrata C.W.Chi
七瓣连蕊茶 Camellia septempetala Hung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
Camellia siangensis T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
茶树 Camellia sinensis (L.)Kuntze，茶
Camellia sonthaiensis Luu V.D.Luong,Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
Camellia stellata Orel & Curry
五室连蕊茶 Camellia stuartiana Sealy
全缘红山茶 Camellia subintegra P.C.Huang
Camellia suddeeana D.Wei Zhao^[6]
Camellia synaptica Sealy
半宿萼茶 Camellia szechuanensis C.W.Chi
思茅短蕊茶 Camellia szemaoensis Hung T.Chang
大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis F.S.Zhang
Camellia tadungensis Orel Curry & Luu
大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.)Melch.
大姚短柱茶 Camellia tenii Sealy
Camellia thailandica Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
Camellia thanxaensa Hakoda & Kirino
Camellia thuongiana V.D.Luong A.Le & T.L.Nguyen
Camellia tienyenensis Orel & Curry
Camellia tomentosa Orel & Curry
东京金花茶 Camellia tonkinensis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
阿里山连蕊茶 Camellia transarisanensis (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
毛枝连蕊茶 Camellia trichoclada (Rehder)S.S.Chien
Camellia triquetra Orel & Curry
云南连蕊茶 Camellia tsaii Hu
金屏连蕊茶 Camellia tsingpienensis Hu
瘤果茶 Camellia tuberculata S.S.Chien
Camellia tuyenquangensis V.D.Luong Le & Ninh
单体红山茶 Camellia uraku Kitam.
Camellia vanlangensis V.D. Luong & V.T. Pham^[7]
Camellia venusta Orel & Curry
小果毛蕊茶 Camellia villicarpa S.S.Chien
绿萼连蕊茶 Camellia viridicalyx Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
Camellia viscosa Orel & Curry
Camellia vuquangensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
滇缅离蕊茶 Camellia wardii Kobuski
Camellia wilkesiana Orel & Curry
武鸣金花茶 Camellia wumingensis S.Ye Liang & C.R.Fu ex Hai L.Chen^[8]
黄花短蕊茶 Camellia xanthochroma K.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
Camellia yokdonensis Dungbis & Hakoda
五柱滇山茶 Camellia yunnanensis (Pit. ex Diels)Cohen-Stuart
Camellia zhaiana S.X.Yang
紫金短柱茶 Camellia zijinica M.Lin, Q.L.Ye & Q.Fan, 2024^[9]

品种编辑

山茶属植物具有重要的经济价值，茶叶是世界三大植物饮料之一；茶花是中国十大名花，深受世界各国人民的喜爱；油茶还是一种优良的木本油料植物。根据世界山茶属植物品种数据库的记录，世界范围内1253年至2023年的茶花、茶叶、茶油品种有26,087种^[10]^[11]。

参考文献编辑

^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008: 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
^ 中国植物志. 中国科学院中国植物志编纂委员会 , 编. 中国植物志·第四十九卷·第三分册第一版. 北京: 科学出版社. 1998: 4 [2022-11-13]. ISBN 7-03-006265-5. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）.
^ Camellia L.. Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. [2022-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-03）.
^ Ngọc-Sâm Lý, Văn-Dũng Lương, Thị-Hương Lê, Ngọc-Đài Đỗ, Ninh TRẦN, Anh-Đức Nguyễn, Thị-Liễu Nguyễn, Chiyomi Uematsu and Hironori Katayama. 2022. Camellia annamensis (Theaceae), A New Species from central Vietnam. Taiwania. 67(2); 243-249DOI: 10.6165/tai.2022.67.243
^ Zhen-Wen Liu, Sheng-Feng Chai, Fang-Yuan Wu, Pin-Ming Ye, Chang-Jie Jiang, Zhi-Rong Zhang, Xiang-Qin Yu, Jin-Lin Ma and Shi-Xiong Yang. 2020. Camellia rostrata, A New Species of Yellow Camellias from Southwest China. Phytotaxa. 459(1); 61–68. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.6
^ Dongwei Zhao. 2023. Camellia suddeeana (Theaceae), A New Species from Thailand. Phytotaxa. 594(3); 232-236. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.7，http://Researchgate.net/publication/370328018_Camellia_suddeeana_a_new_species_from_Thailand
^ Ngoc Bon Trinh, Van Dung Luong, Nguyet Hai Ninh Le and Van The Pham. 2023. Camellia vanlangensis (Theaceae, Sect. Archecamellia), A New Yellow-flowered Species from Vietnam. Taiwania. 68(4); 465-471. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1965
^ Hai-Ling Chen, Su-Juan Wei, Shao-Qing Tang and Yan Liu. 2023. Camellia wumingensis (Theaceae), A neglected Species from Guangxi, China. Taiwania. 68(4); 472-479. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1966
^ Min Lin, Qin-Liang Ye, Zhi-Jian Zhang, Wen-Bo Liao and Qiang Fan. 2024. Camellia zijinica (Theaceae), A New Species endemic to Danxia Landscape from Guangdong Province, China. PhytoKeys. 237: 245-255. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.237.114768
^ International Camellia Register-Camellia,Cultivars,Species,Photos. camellia.iflora.cn. [2023-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-11）.
^ Wang, Yanan; Zhuang, Huifu; Shen, Yunguang; Wang, Yuhua; Wang, Zhonglang. The Dataset of Camellia Cultivars Names in the World. Biodiversity Data Journal. 2021-01-19, 9 [2023-02-11]. ISSN 1314-2828. PMC 7838149  . PMID 33519266. doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e61646. （原始内容存档于2023-02-11）.

延伸阅读编辑

编

《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·山茶部》，出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》

《植物名實圖考·山茶》，出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》

外部連接编辑

Camellia. ITIS.

The International Camellia Society （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The American Camellia Society （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Southeastern Camellia Society
Website with many Camellia illustrations from European and Japanese Camellia Books
First Public Camellia Show （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） historical marker

[1] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008: 1136. ISBN 1405332964.

[2] 中国植物志. 中国科学院中国植物志编纂委员会 , 编. 中国植物志·第四十九卷·第三分册第一版. 北京: 科学出版社. 1998: 4 [2022-11-13]. ISBN 7-03-006265-5. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）.

[3] Camellia L.. Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. [2022-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-03）.

[4] Ngọc-Sâm Lý, Văn-Dũng Lương, Thị-Hương Lê, Ngọc-Đài Đỗ, Ninh TRẦN, Anh-Đức Nguyễn, Thị-Liễu Nguyễn, Chiyomi Uematsu and Hironori Katayama. 2022. Camellia annamensis (Theaceae), A New Species from central Vietnam. Taiwania. 67(2); 243-249DOI: 10.6165/tai.2022.67.243

[5] Zhen-Wen Liu, Sheng-Feng Chai, Fang-Yuan Wu, Pin-Ming Ye, Chang-Jie Jiang, Zhi-Rong Zhang, Xiang-Qin Yu, Jin-Lin Ma and Shi-Xiong Yang. 2020. Camellia rostrata, A New Species of Yellow Camellias from Southwest China. Phytotaxa. 459(1); 61–68. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.6

[6] Dongwei Zhao. 2023. Camellia suddeeana (Theaceae), A New Species from Thailand. Phytotaxa. 594(3); 232-236. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.7，http://Researchgate.net/publication/370328018_Camellia_suddeeana_a_new_species_from_Thailand

[7] Ngoc Bon Trinh, Van Dung Luong, Nguyet Hai Ninh Le and Van The Pham. 2023. Camellia vanlangensis (Theaceae, Sect. Archecamellia), A New Yellow-flowered Species from Vietnam. Taiwania. 68(4); 465-471. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1965

[8] Hai-Ling Chen, Su-Juan Wei, Shao-Qing Tang and Yan Liu. 2023. Camellia wumingensis (Theaceae), A neglected Species from Guangxi, China. Taiwania. 68(4); 472-479. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1966

[9] Min Lin, Qin-Liang Ye, Zhi-Jian Zhang, Wen-Bo Liao and Qiang Fan. 2024. Camellia zijinica (Theaceae), A New Species endemic to Danxia Landscape from Guangdong Province, China. PhytoKeys. 237: 245-255. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.237.114768

[10] International Camellia Register-Camellia,Cultivars,Species,Photos. camellia.iflora.cn. [2023-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-11）.

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Baike

山茶属

山茶科的一属植物

目录