釓的同位素

**主要的釓同位素**
標準原子質量（英语：Standard atomic weight） (Ar, 標準)	157.25(3);
←Eu（63）	Tb（65）→
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釓（原子質量單位：157.25(3)）有6种稳定同位素（¹⁵⁴Gd、¹⁵⁵Gd、¹⁵⁶Gd、¹⁵⁷Gd、¹⁵⁸Gd、¹⁶⁰Gd）和1种放射性同位素（¹⁵²Gd）存在于自然界，其中丰度24.84%的¹⁵⁸Gd最常见。¹⁶⁰Gd理论上可以双β衰变，但目前尚未观测到，半衰期至少1.3×10²¹年。^[3]

圖表编辑

符號	Z（ p ）	N（ n ）	同位素質量（u）	半衰期^{[n 1]}	衰變方式^[4]^{[n 2]}	衰變產物^{[n 3]}	原子核自旋	相對豐度（莫耳分率）	相對豐度的變化量（莫耳分率）
符號	激發能量			半衰期^{[n 1]}	衰變方式^[4]^{[n 2]}	衰變產物^{[n 3]}	原子核自旋	相對豐度（莫耳分率）	相對豐度的變化量（莫耳分率）
¹³⁴Gd	64	70	133.95537(43)#	0.4# s			0+
¹³⁵Gd	64	71	134.95257(54)#	1.1(2) s			3/2-
¹³⁶Gd	64	72	135.94734(43)#	1# s [>200 ns]	β⁺	¹³⁶Eu
¹³⁷Gd	64	73	136.94502(43)#	2.2(2) s	β⁺	¹³⁷Eu	7/2+#
¹³⁷Gd	64	73	136.94502(43)#	2.2(2) s	β⁺, p （不常見）	¹³⁶Sm	7/2+#
¹³⁸Gd	64	74	137.94012(21)#	4.7(9) s	β⁺	¹³⁸Eu	0+
^138mGd	2232.7(11) keV			6(1) µs			(8-)
¹³⁹Gd	64	75	138.93824(21)#	5.7(3) s	β⁺	¹³⁹Eu	9/2-#
¹³⁹Gd	64	75	138.93824(21)#	5.7(3) s	β⁺, p （不常見）	¹³⁸Sm	9/2-#
^139mGd	250(150)# keV			4.8(9) s			1/2+#
¹⁴⁰Gd	64	76	139.93367(3)	15.8(4) s	β⁺	¹⁴⁰Eu	0+
¹⁴¹Gd	64	77	140.932126(21)	14(4) s	β⁺ (99.97%)	¹⁴¹Eu	(1/2+)
¹⁴¹Gd	64	77	140.932126(21)	14(4) s	β⁺, p (.03%)	¹⁴⁰Sm	(1/2+)
^141mGd	377.8(2) keV			24.5(5) s	β⁺ (89%)	¹⁴¹Eu	(11/2-)
^141mGd	377.8(2) keV			24.5(5) s	IT (11%)	¹⁴¹Gd	(11/2-)
¹⁴²Gd	64	78	141.92812(3)	70.2(6) s	β⁺	¹⁴²Eu	0+
¹⁴³Gd	64	79	142.92675(22)	39(2) s	β⁺	¹⁴³Eu	(1/2)+
					β⁺, α （不常見）	¹³⁹Pm
					β⁺, p （不常見）	¹⁴²Sm
^143mGd	152.6(5) keV			110.0(14) s	β⁺	¹⁴³Eu	(11/2-)
					β⁺, α （不常見）	¹³⁹Pm
					β⁺, p （不常見）	¹⁴²Sm
¹⁴⁴Gd	64	80	143.92296(3)	4.47(6) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁴Eu	0+
¹⁴⁵Gd	64	81	144.921709(20)	23.0(4) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁵Eu	1/2+
^145mGd	749.1(2) keV			85(3) s	IT (94.3%)	¹⁴⁵Gd	11/2-
^145mGd	749.1(2) keV			85(3) s	β⁺ (5.7%)	¹⁴⁵Eu	11/2-
¹⁴⁶Gd	64	82	145.918311(5)	48.27(10) d	ε	¹⁴⁶Eu	0+
¹⁴⁷Gd	64	83	146.919094(3)	38.06(12) h	β⁺	¹⁴⁷Eu	7/2-
^147mGd	8587.8(4) keV			510(20) ns			(49/2+)
¹⁴⁸Gd	64	84	147.918115(3)	74.6(30) a	α	¹⁴⁴Sm	0+
¹⁴⁹Gd	64	85	148.919341(4)	9.28(10) d	β⁺	¹⁴⁹Eu	7/2-
¹⁴⁹Gd	64	85	148.919341(4)	9.28(10) d	α (4.34×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁴⁵Sm	7/2-
¹⁵⁰Gd	64	86	149.918659(7)	1.79(8)×10⁶ a	α	¹⁴⁶Sm	0+
¹⁵¹Gd	64	87	150.920348(4)	124(1) d	ε	¹⁵¹Eu	7/2-
¹⁵¹Gd	64	87	150.920348(4)	124(1) d	α (10⁻⁶%)	¹⁴⁷Sm	7/2-
¹⁵²Gd^{[n 4]}	64	88	151.9197910(27)	1.08(8)×10¹⁴ a	α	¹⁴⁸Sm	0+	0.0020(1)
¹⁵³Gd	64	89	152.9217495(27)	240.4(10) d	ε	¹⁵³Eu	3/2-
^153m1Gd	95.1737(12) keV			3.5(4) µs			(9/2+)
^153m2Gd	171.189(5) keV			76.0(14) µs			(11/2-)
¹⁵⁴Gd	64	90	153.9208656(27)	觀測上穩定^{[n 5]}			0+	0.0218(3)
¹⁵⁵Gd^{[n 6]}	64	91	154.9226220(27)	觀測上穩定^{[n 7]}			3/2-	0.1480(12)
^155mGd	121.05(19) keV			31.97(27) ms	IT	¹⁵⁵Gd	11/2-
¹⁵⁶Gd^{[n 6]}	64	92	155.9221227(27)	稳定			0+	0.2047(9)
^156mGd	2137.60(5) keV			1.3(1) µs			7-
¹⁵⁷Gd^{[n 6]}	64	93	156.9239601(27)	稳定			3/2-	0.1565(2)
¹⁵⁸Gd^{[n 6]}	64	94	157.9241039(27)	稳定			0+	0.2484(7)
¹⁵⁹Gd^{[n 6]}	64	95	158.9263887(27)	18.479(4) h	β⁻	¹⁵⁹Tb	3/2-
¹⁶⁰Gd^{[n 6]}	64	96	159.9270541(27)	觀測上穩定^{[n 8]}			0+	0.2186(19)
¹⁶¹Gd	64	97	160.9296692(29)	3.646(3) min	β⁻	¹⁶¹Tb	5/2-
¹⁶²Gd	64	98	161.930985(5)	8.4(2) min	β⁻	¹⁶²Tb	0+
¹⁶³Gd	64	99	162.93399(32)#	68(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶³Tb	7/2+#
¹⁶⁴Gd	64	100	163.93586(43)#	45(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁴Tb	0+
¹⁶⁵Gd	64	101	164.93938(54)#	10.3(16) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁵Tb	1/2-#
¹⁶⁶Gd	64	102	165.94160(64)#	4.8(10) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁶Tb	0+
¹⁶⁷Gd	64	103	166.94557(64)#	3# s	β⁻	¹⁶⁷Tb	5/2-#
¹⁶⁸Gd	64	104	167.94836(75)#	300# ms	β⁻	¹⁶⁸Tb	0+
¹⁶⁹Gd	64	105	168.95287(86)#	1# s	β⁻	¹⁶⁹Tb	7/2-#

備註：畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明，只是理論推測而已，而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。

←	同位素列表	→
銪的同位素	釓的同位素	鋱的同位素

註釋编辑

^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
^ Abbreviations:
ε: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
^ primordial radionuclide
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵⁰Sm
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Fission product
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵¹Sm
^ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁶⁰Dy with a half-life over 1.3×10²¹ years

参考文獻编辑

引用编辑

^ Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea. Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148. Applied Radiation and Isotopes (Elsevier BV). 2023, 194: 110708. ISSN 0969-8043. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708.
^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
^ F. A. Danevich; et al. Quest for double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd and Ce isotopes. Nuclear Physics A. 2001, 694 (1–2): 375–391. Bibcode:2001NuPhA.694..375D. S2CID 11874988. arXiv:nucl-ex/0011020  . doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6.
^ 存档副本. [2015-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19）.

来源编辑

Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.

[4] Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)

[6] Abbreviations:
ε: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition

[7] Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)

[8] rimordial radionuclide

[9] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵⁰Sm

[FP-10] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Fission product

[11] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵¹Sm

[12] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁶⁰Dy with a half-life over 1.3×10²¹ years

[1] Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea. Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148. Applied Radiation and Isotopes (Elsevier BV). 2023, 194: 110708. ISSN 0969-8043. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708.

[CIAAW2013-2] Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[DBD-3] F. A. Danevich; et al. Quest for double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd and Ce isotopes. Nuclear Physics A. 2001, 694 (1–2): 375–391. Bibcode:2001NuPhA.694..375D. S2CID 11874988. arXiv:nucl-ex/0011020  . doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6.

[5] 存档副本. [2015-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19）.

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Baike