語調
语调(英語:intonation),又稱語氣、口氣、音高,是指说话者交談發聲的音調,即说话者依據個人心情(态度、個性),讓声调的高低轻重音調,再附加上發聲的高低轻重音調;前者是文法上的音調、後者是心情上的音調。
语调升阶 语调降阶 | |
---|---|
↗◌ | |
↘◌ | |
IPA編號 | 510, 511 |
編碼 | |
HTML碼(十進制) | ↗↘ |
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+2197 U+2198 |
示例编辑
例如在汉语中,接到对方的電話,然後回應:「喂,你是谁?」,这样一句话,套上不同的语调,則会給人有不同的感受;說話者的语气平缓,表示心情较为平和或较为克制;說話者的语气高降调、重音明顯,表示心情不好或性格较为急躁。
參考文獻编辑
- Интонация. Русская грамматика I. 科學出版社. 1980 (俄语). (俄文)
- Bolinger, D. (1951) ‘Intonation – levels versus configurations’, Word 7, 199–200
- Brazil (1975) Discourse Intonation, University of Birmingham: English Language Research
- Brazil, Coultheart and Johns (1980) Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching, Longman
- Celce-Murcia, M., D. Brinton and J. Goodwin (1996) Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge University Press
- Cooper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, Introduction to English Prosody, 1986, Edward Arnold
- Cruttenden, A. (1997) Intonation (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press
- Crystal, D. (1969) Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English, Cambridge University Press
- Crystal, D. (1975) 'Prosodic features and linguistic theory', in The English Tone of Voice, Edward Arnold
- Crystal, D. and R. Quirk (1964) Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English, Mouton
- Gussenhoven, C. (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation, Cambridge University Press.
- Halliday, M.A.K. (1967) Intonation and Grammar in British English, Mouton
- Halliday, M.A.K., and Greaves, W.S., Intonation in the Grammar of English, London, Equinox, 2008.
- Hirst, D.J. & Di Cristo, A. (eds) 1998. Intonation Systems. A survey of Twenty Languages. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). [ISBN 0521395135 (Hardback); ISBN 0-521-39550-X (Paperback)].
- Jones, Daniel (1964) An Outline of English Phonetics, Heffer.
- Ladd, D. Robert. (2009). Intonational Phonology, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.
- Lee, W.R. (1958) English Intonation: A New Approach, North-Holland
- Lian, A-P. Intonation Patterns of French, River Seine Publications, Melbourne, 1980. http://www.andrewlian.com/andrewlian/prowww/ipf_teacher/ipf_teacher.pdf (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Liu F, Patel AD, Fourcin A, Stewart L. (2010). Intonation processing in congenital amusia: discrimination, identification and imitation. Brain. 133(Pt 6):1682–93. doi:10.1093/brain/awq089 PMID 20418275
- Michaud, A. and J. Vaissière (2015). Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations. KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik 3. 43–80. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01091477v3/document (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- O'Connor, J.D. and G.F. Arnold (1961, 1973) The Intonation of Colloquial English, Longman
- Palmer, H.E. (1922) English Intonation with Systematic Exercises, Heffer.
- Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1980) "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation" Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published by Indiana Linguistics Club 1987.
- Pike, K.L. (1945) The Intonation of American English, University of Michigan Press.
- Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, (Fourth Edition), Cambridge University Press.
- Schack, Katrina. "Comparison of intonation patterns in Mandarin and English for a particular speaker", University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences, Spring 2000, no. 1: p. 29. https://web.archive.org/web/20080821131034/http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/cls/s2000n1/schack.pdf
- Shen, Xiao-nan Susan. The Prosody of Mandarin Chinese. Vol. 118 of University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 95.
- Trager, G. and H.Smith (1951) An Outline of English Structure, American Council of Learned Societies.
- Trager, G. (1964) 'The intonation system of American English', in Abercrombie D. et al. In Honour of Daniel Jones, Longman
- Wells, J.C. (2006) English Intonation: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press.
外部連接编辑
🔥 Top keywords: Baike: 首页Special:搜索淚之女王不夠善良的我們2024年湯姆斯盃国际劳动节金智媛背着善宰跑2024年優霸盃金秀賢 (男演員)逆天奇案2春色寄情人九龍城寨之圍城笑看風雲殷琪土地改革运动习近平城市猎人 (2024年电影)中华人民共和国六四事件劳动节破墓張惠東Seventeen (組合)城市猎人排球少年!!排球少年!!角色列表許瑋甯BABYMONSTER與鳳行承欢记ILLIT邊佑錫鈴木亮平周子瑜国旗事件姜濤朴成焄中華民國TWICE宁安如梦徐巧芯怪獸8號IVE (組合)李主儐BOYNEXTDOOR乘風2024轉生為第七王子,隨心所欲的魔法學習之路周處除三害 (電影)P站无用的谎言贾马尔·穆雷Energy (組合)第二十条葬送的芙莉蓮日本周雨彤秦沛末日愚者林依晨草榴社区顏國樑机动战士GUNDAM SEED FREEDOM幕府將軍 (2024年電視劇)NewJeans迷宮飯勒布朗·詹姆斯白鹿 (演員)三体 (小说)李现毛泽东黃道十二宮香港文化大革命(G)I-DLE志效崔永元賀軍翔特技玩家夜限照相馆安東尼·愛德華茲 (籃球運動員)黄金周 (日本)鄧麗君金惠奫支配物种木村文乃五月天白喬茵Pornhub周子瑜三流之路麥以馬搜查班長1958九龍寨城劉偉健WIND BREAKER—防風少年—劍星习明泽森田望智汤姆斯杯