蒙古第一次入侵匈牙利
蒙古第一次入侵匈牙利 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒙古侵略欧洲的一部分 | |||||||
Johannes de Thurocz的《Chronica Hungarorum》,描繪了蒙古入侵情況 | |||||||
| |||||||
参战方 | |||||||
次要交戰國: 奥地利公国 (1241年4月為止) | 欽察汗國 (蒙古帝国) | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
贝拉四世 忽炭 | 拔都 速不台 昔班 别儿哥 孛栾台 | ||||||
参战单位 | |||||||
主要是轻骑兵 圣殿骑士 弩兵 步兵 | 騎兵,主要是弓騎兵和槍手 投石車 可能有中國火器部隊和其他火藥部隊 | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
~30,000 士兵 (現代估計)[1][2] 其他估計: (只計算蒂萨河之战) 80,000[3] 25,000[4][5] 50,000[6] | ~40,000 騎兵 (現代估計)[7] 其他估計: (只計算蒂萨河之战) 70,000[8] 25,000[4][5] 50,000[6] | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
超過10,000個士兵陣亡[9] | 未知,但很嚴重[10][11][12][13] |
蒙古人第一次入侵匈牙利始於1241年3月,並於1242年3月下旬開始撤退。
入侵编辑
1241年,速不台和拔都率領的蒙古軍隊入侵包括波蘭、保加利亞、克羅地亞和匈牙利王国等在內的中歐和東歐國家。匈牙利試圖在蒂萨河之战阻止入侵但以失敗告終。儘管少數重裝甲騎士(主要來自圣殿骑士团)在近距離戰鬥中有好的表現[14],但構成大部分匈牙利騎兵團隊的轻骑兵對蒙古軍隊無效。蒙古人粉碎了匈牙利軍隊,並在次年繼續蹂躪農村,甚至將匈牙利首都埃斯泰爾戈姆給摧毀。至戰役結束時,匈牙利約有四分之一的人口被殺,王國的大部分主要定居點已淪為瓦礫[15]。
其大多數城鎮和堡壘城牆以木質、粘土和泥土等構成[16],這些防禦設施很容易被蒙古人攻城器械攻破[17],也有許多匈牙利定居點根本沒有任何防禦工事;一位德國編年史家觀察到,匈牙利人“幾乎沒有城牆或堅固堡壘保護的城市”。[18]然而,為數不多的匈牙利石頭城堡沒有一個倒塌,即使是那些在蒙古人陣線後面的城堡;蒙古軍隊試圖以攻城器械攻擊克利斯要塞,但並沒有帶來任何破壞且被擊退,傷亡慘重[19]。
撤軍编辑
1241年夏秋兩季,大部分蒙古軍隊駐紮在匈牙利平原。1242年3月下旬,他們開始撤退。對於他們之所以退出的最常見說法是窝阔台於1241年12月11日去世,據說這迫使蒙古人撤退到蒙古,以選舉新的大汗[20]。
但是伊兒汗國的丞相拉施德丁說拔都決定撤退時並不知道窩闊台的死。他說他們從匈牙利撤出以鎮壓庫曼叛亂,然後在1242年晚些時候離開歐洲,因為他們覺得已經完成了他們的使命,而不是因為任何外部影響[21]。
參見编辑
參考编辑
- ^ William of Rubruck. "The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55." Translated by William Woodville Rockhill. Page 281. "It would be very easy to conquer or to pass through all these countries. The King of Hungary has not at most XXX thousand soldiers."
- ^ Sverdrup, p.115: "A near-contemporary source says the Hungarians lost 10,000 men in the Mohi battle. This is no precise number, but as most of the army was lost it may be close to what the author believed the size of the whole army was. When Mongol officer Siban spied the Hungarian camp some weeks before the battle he counted 40 units [Rashid al-Din, 2:474]. In those days the Hungarian units, the so-called banderias, were usually between 50 and 400 men strong [See Julius Bartl, "Slovak History: Chronology and Lexicon" (Bratislava 2002), p. 191]. An average size of 250 would indeed give a total of 10,000 men." [a maximum average of 400 would have given 16,000 men].
- ^ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Markó, László, Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, 2000, ISBN 963-547-085-1
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Liptai, Ervin, Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 1985, ISBN 963-326-337-9
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik.
- ^ Sverdrup, p. 114-115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns; one made a diversionary attacks into Poland, but rejoined with the other four in Hungary after Legnica and participated in the invasion.
- ^ Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Legnica to the North and Hermannstadt (錫比烏) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.
- ^ Sverdrup, p. 115. Citing: Gustav Strakoschd-Grassmann. Der Einfall Der Mongolen In Mitteleuropa In Den Jahren 1241 und 1242 (Innsbruck, 1893), p.183.
- ^ The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15;"...on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders..[..]..While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute-some call it a massacre rather than a battle-historians disagree on their assessments of Bela's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy.."
- ^ John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279;"Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy...".
- ^ The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.
- ^ Sugar, p.27: "The majority of the Hungarian forces consisted of light cavalry, who appeared 'oriental' to the Western observers. Yet this army had given up nomadic battle tactics and proved useless when facing the masters of this style of warfare. Hungarian tactics were a mix of eastern and western military traditions, as were the ineffective walls of clay bricks and palisades. Two elements of the Hungarian defense had proved effective, however: close combat with mass armored knights and stone fortifications".
- ^ Sugar, p.27: "In the plains, between 50 and 80 percent of the settlements were destroyed. In forested areas, in the mountains, and in Transylvania, the demographic loss is estimated at 25-30 percent".
- ^ Jackon, p. 65
- ^ Sugar, p. 26: "The country centers, lacking defenses, and the residences of [nobles], protected at best by moats, fences, and wooden towers, were no obstacle. Using ballistas, the Mongols leveled the forts, and put the settlements to the torch".
- ^ Jackson, p. 66
- ^ Kosztolnyik, p. 174
- ^ John of Plano Carpini, “History of the Mongols,” in The Mission to Asia, ed. Christopher Dawson (London:Sheed and Ward, 1955), 44
- ^ 7 Rashid al-Din, "Successors of Genghis Khan", trans. John Boyle 1971, p. 70-71: "The princes, proceeding by these five routes, seized all the territories of the Bashgh'ird, Majar, and Sas [all refer to the Hungarians], and put their king, Keler [Bela], to flight. They spent the summer on the Tisa [Tisza] and Tanha rivers. Qadan now took the field with an army, captured the territories of the Taqut (Croatians), Arbaraq (Serbs), and Asraf (Vlachs), and pursued Keler, the king of those countries, to the seacoast. When [Keler] embarked on a ship, Qadan turned back... The news of Qa'an's (Ogodei's) death had not yet reached them... In the autumn they returned and passed into the region of Temur-Qahalqa (Caucasus)... they proceeded thither and defeated the Qipchaq (Kipchak/Cumans), who had fled to that region... In the beginning of the taulai yil, that is, the Year of the Hare, corresponding to the months of the year 640/1242, having completed the task of conquering the country, they turned back."
書籍编辑
- Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. Routledge. 2005.
- Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank -- A History of Hungary. 1990 Indiana University 448p. ISBN 978-0253208675
- Salagean, Tudor (2016). Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the CongregationSystem. Brill.
- Saunders, J. J. (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Sophoulis, Panos. The Mongol Invasion of Croatia and Serbia in 1242. Fragmenta Hellenoslavica. 2015, 2: 251–77.
- Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. 8: 109–17 [p. 115]. ISBN 978-1-84383-596-7.
- Sweeney, James Ross. Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a Thirteenth-Century Dalmatian View of Mongol Customs. Florilegium. 1982, 4: 156–83.
🔥 Top keywords: Baike: 首页Special:搜索九龍城寨之圍城淚之女王2024年湯姆斯盃背着善宰跑不夠善良的我們安東尼·愛德華茲 (籃球運動員)金智媛2024年優霸盃胖猫跳江事件伍允龍金秀賢 (男演員)九龍寨城劉俊謙 (香港)怪獸8號春色寄情人汤姆斯杯虽然不是英雄Energy (組合)逆天奇案2习近平我的婆婆怎麼那麼可愛排球少年!!角色列表邊佑錫为人民服务 (2022年电影)Seventeen (組合)張文傑排球少年!!草蜢 (組合)2012搜查班長1958六四事件母亲节乘風2024破墓ILLITWIND BREAKER—防風少年—城市猎人 (2024年电影)支配物种與鳳行歐倩怡BOYNEXTDOOR鄧麗君达柳斯·莫里斯BABYMONSTER中华人民共和国承欢记中華民國胡子彤金惠奫城市猎人周處除三害 (電影)蔡一智蔡一傑郭晉安迷宮飯2024年英雄联盟季中邀请赛IVE (組合)沒有秘密蘇志威周雨彤尤伯杯五月天葬送的芙莉蓮哥吉拉-1.0許瑋甯草榴社区朴成焄日本千玗嬉香港(G)I-DLE林依晨李主儐李琳琳五四运动完全省錢戀愛手冊习明泽林峯鈴木亮平三流之路夜晚的水母不會游泳郭葦昀三体 (小说)李现幕府將軍 (2024年電視劇)白鹿 (演員)毛泽东張員瑛郑保瑞白紙運動立夏嚴爵星汉灿烂·月升沧海莊祖宜無職轉生~到了異世界就拿出真本事~THE NEW GATE張書偉