美國原住民

(重定向自美国原住民

美國原住民(英語:Native Americans),在不同場合與背景下也稱作美國印第安人American Indians)、美國土著Indigenous Americans)或簡稱印第安人Indians),是指在美國境内保留有部分主權英语Tribal sovereignty in the United States的逾500個美洲原住民部落英语Tribe (Native American)之成員的統稱。這些部落與族群之歷史可追溯至哥倫布時代之前的美洲原住民群體。

美國原住民
截至2020年美國人口普查,美國五十個州、華盛頓哥倫比亞特區和波多黎各各縣的土著美國人比例
總人口
美國印第安人與阿拉斯加原住民
(2010年人口普查)[1]
單一族群:2,932,248
多個族群混合:2,288,331
總數:5,220,579
分佈地區
美國西部爲主;亦有少量分佈見於美國東部
語言
美洲原住民語言
(包括納瓦荷語中阿拉斯加尤皮克语達科他語英语Dakota language西阿帕奇語英语Western Apache language克勒斯語英语Keresan languages切羅基語祖尼語英语Zuni language奥杰布瓦语奧哈姆語英语O'odham language[2])
英語西班牙語法語俄語
宗教信仰
相关族群
科曼奇印第安人用長矛和弓箭追逐水牛城,喬治·卡特林英语George Catlin

背景编辑

根據阿爾弗雷德·克羅伯的說法,此圖為前哥倫布時期北美的文化區

歷史上受到的不平等和殘酷的待遇编辑

十九世紀,隨著歐洲移民大量湧入美國,不少原住民被強迫遷移到偏遠的貧瘠之地。不少原住民被屠殺和殘酷的逼遷。第一次世界大戰期間,為數不少的原住民加入美國軍隊,在戰場上英勇殺敵,白人社會舆論對原住民的態度略有改善。1924年6月2日,在建國將近150年後,美國政府終宣佈原住民享有公民權利。[來源請求]

歷史编辑

遷徙新大陸模型编辑

這張地圖顯示了無冰走廊和特定古印度遺址的大致位置(克洛維斯理論)。

前哥倫布時期编辑

石器階段编辑

古代時期编辑

後古時期编辑

歐洲探索和殖民编辑

顯示大約16世紀美洲原住民國家大致位置的地圖
藝術家對俄亥俄州霍普施萊佛圈英语Shriver Circle Earthworks的構想與左側的土墩城市群英语Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
卡霍基亞土墩遺址,最大的密西西比文化遺址

對本地人的影響编辑

動物介紹编辑

17世紀编辑

菲利普國王戰爭编辑

18世紀编辑

自然社會编辑

一些歐洲哲學家認為美洲原住民社會是真正「自然的」,代表了他們僅在民間歷史中才知道的黃金時代。

美國革命编辑

美國编辑

19世紀编辑

向西擴張编辑

內戰编辑

刪除和保留编辑

美洲原住民和美國公民身份编辑

1871年印第安撥款法编辑

歷史教育编辑

20世紀编辑

第二次世界大戰编辑

自決编辑

部落學院编辑

美國亞利桑那州紀念碑谷馬背上的納瓦荷人

21世紀编辑

阿拉斯加原住民拜倫·馬洛特英语Byron Mallott阿拉斯加州的副州長。

人口統計编辑

截至2020年美國人口普查,美國各州、哥倫比亞特區和波多黎各的原住民比例
截至2020年美國人口普查五十個州哥倫比亞特區波多黎各各縣的美國原住民比例

自1880年以來的人口编辑

美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民占美國各州和領地人口的百分比 (1880年~2010年)
州/年188018901900191019201930194019501960197019801990200020102020
阿拉巴馬州0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.4%0.5%0.6%0.7%
阿拉斯加州98.7%79.1%46.5%39.4%48.3%50.6%44.8%26.3%19.1%16.8%16.0%15.6%15.6%14.8%15.2%
亞利桑那州37.5%34.0%21.5%14.3%9.9%10.0%11.0%8.8%6.4%5.4%5.6%5.6%5.0%4.6%4.5%
阿肯色州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.4%0.5%0.7%0.8%0.9%
加利福尼亞州2.4%1.4%1.0%0.7%0.5%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.2%0.5%0.9%0.8%1.0%1.0%1.6%
科羅拉多州1.4%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.4%0.6%0.8%1.0%1.1%1.3%
康乃狄克州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%
德拉瓦州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.5%0.5%
 佛罗里达州0.3%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%0.4%
喬治亞州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.5%
夏威夷州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.3%0.5%0.3%0.3%0.3%
愛達荷州10.0%4.8%2.6%1.1%0.7%0.8%0.7%0.6%0.8%0.9%1.1%1.4%1.4%1.4%1.4%
伊利諾州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.8%
印第安納州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%
愛荷華州0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%0.5%
堪薩斯州0.2%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.4%0.7%0.9%0.9%1.0%1.1%
肯塔基州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.3%
路易斯安那州0.1%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.3%0.4%0.6%0.7%0.7%
 缅因州0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.4%0.5%0.6%0.6%0.6%
馬里蘭州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%0.5%
麻薩諸塞州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.3%
密西根州1.1%0.3%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.4%0.6%0.6%0.6%0.6%
明尼蘇達州1.1%0.8%0.5%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.5%0.6%0.9%1.1%1.1%1.1%1.2%
密西西比州0.2%0.2%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.5%0.6%
密蘇里州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.3%0.4%0.4%0.5%0.5%
蒙大拿州38.3%7.8%4.7%0.8%2.0%2.8%3.0%2.8%3.1%3.9%4.7%6.0%6.2%6.3%6.2%
內布拉斯加州1.0%0.6%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%0.4%0.6%0.8%0.9%1.2%1.2%
內華達州13.9%10.9%12.3%6.4%6.3%5.3%4.3%3.1%2.3%1.6%1.7%1.6%1.3%1.2%1.4%
 新罕布什尔州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.2%
紐澤西州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.6%
新墨西哥州23.2%9.4%6.7%6.3%5.4%6.8%6.5%6.2%5.9%7.2%8.1%8.9%9.5%9.4%10.0%
紐約州0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.6%0.7%
北卡羅萊納州0.1%0.1%0.3%0.4%0.5%0.5%0.6%0.1%0.8%0.9%1.1%1.2%1.2%1.3%1.2%
北達科他州18.6%4.3%2.2%1.1%1.0%1.2%1.6%1.7%1.9%2.3%3.1%4.1%4.9%5.4%5.0%
南達科他州17.2%5.7%5.0%3.3%2.6%3.2%3.6%3.6%3.8%4.9%6.5%7.3%8.3%8.8%8.8%
俄亥俄州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.3%
奧克拉荷馬州100.0%24.9%8.2%4.5%2.8%3.9%2.7%2.4%2.8%3.8%5.6%8.0%7.9%8.6%8.4%
奧勒岡州3.5%1.6%1.2%0.8%0.6%0.5%0.4%0.4%0.5%0.6%1.0%1.4%1.3%1.4%1.5%
賓夕法尼亞州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%
羅德島州0.0%0.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.3%0.4%0.5%0.6%0.7%
南卡羅萊納州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.5%
田納西州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%
德克薩斯州0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.6%0.7%1.0%
猶他州0.9%1.6%0.9%0.8%0.6%0.6%0.7%0.6%0.8%1.1%1.3%1.4%1.3%1.2%1.3%
 佛蒙特州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.4%0.4%
維吉尼亞州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.5%
華盛頓州20.8%3.1%1.9%1.0%0.7%0.7%0.7%0.6%0.7%1.0%1.5%1.7%1.6%1.5%1.6%
 西弗吉尼亚州0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.2%
威斯康辛州0.8%0.6%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.6%0.8%0.9%1.0%1.0%
懷俄明州9.6%2.9%1.8%1.0%0.7%0.8%0.9%1.1%1.2%1.5%1.5%2.1%2.3%2.4%2.4%
華盛頓哥倫比亞特區0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.5%
 波多黎各0.4%0.5%0.5%
 美國0.7%0.4%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.3%0.4%0.6%0.8%0.9%0.9%1.1%

人口分佈编辑

這張人口普查局地圖描繪了截至2000年不同美洲原住民群體的位置,包括印第安保留地。請注意現代奧克拉荷馬州西南部的集中度(藍色),該地區在1907年建國之前曾被指定為印第安領地

城市遷移编辑

按部落分組的人口编辑

2010年美洲原住民按部落群體分佈
部落分組部落旗部落徽章據報導,僅美國印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民一個部落群體據報導,僅美國印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民不止一個部落群體據報導,美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民混合一個部落分組據報導,美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民混合了多個部落群體美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民部落單獨分組或以任何組合混合
總共2,879,63852,6102,209,26779,0645,220,579
阿帕契族63,1936,50133,3038,813111,810
阿拉帕霍人 8,0143882,08437510,861
皮岡黑腳人27,2794,51954,10919,397105,304
加拿大和法國美洲印第安人 6,4336186,98179014,822
中美洲印第安人15,88257210,86552527,844
切羅基人 284,24716,216468,08250,560819,105
夏安族(北方和南方) 11,3751,1185,3111,24719,051
契卡索人 27,9732,23319,2202,85252,278
奧吉布瓦族 112,7572,64552,0913,249170,742
喬克托族 103,9106,39872,10113,355195,764
可維爾人英语Colville people8,1142002,1488710,549
科曼奇人 12,2841,1878,1311,72823,330
克里族 2,2117394,0231,0107,983
克里克人 48,3524,59630,6184,76688,332
克羅族 10,3325283,3091,03415,203
萊納佩人 7,8433729,43961018,264
霍皮族 12,5802,0543,01368018,327
霍馬人英语Houma people 8,169712,4389010,768
易洛魁聯盟 40,5701,89134,4904,05181,002
基奧瓦人 9,4379182,94748513,787
盧姆比人英语Lumbee 62,30665110,03969573,691
梅諾米尼人英语Menominee 8,3742532,33017611,133
墨西哥原住民裔美國人英语Indigenous peoples of Mexico121,2212,32949,6702,274175,494
納瓦荷人 286,7318,28532,9184,195332,129
歐塞奇族 8,9381,1257,0901,42318,576
渥太華人7,2727764,27471113,033
派尤特人9,3408653,13542713,767
皮馬人英语Pima people 22,0401,1653,11633426,655
波多沃米人 20,41246212,24964833,771
培布羅人 49,6952,3319,56894662,540
海岸薩利希人英语Coast Salish14,3202155,54018520,260
塞米諾爾人 14,0802,36812,4473,07631,971
休休尼人7,8526103,96957113,002
蘇族 112,1764,30146,9646,669170,110
南美洲印第安人英语Indigenous peoples of South America20,90147925,01583847,233
西班牙裔美國人印第安人13,4602986,01218119,951
托赫諾奧哈姆人英语Tohono Oʼodham 19,5227253,03319823,478
猶他人 7,4357852,80246911,491
雅基馬人8,7863102,20722411,527
亞基人英语Yaqui 21,6791,5168,1831,21732,595
奎查恩人 7,7275511,64216910,089
所有其他美洲印第安部落270,14112,606135,03211,850429,629
美國印第安部落,未指定131,943117102,18872234,320
阿拉斯加原住民部落,指定98,8924,19432,9922,772138,850
阿拉斯加阿薩巴斯卡人英语Alaskan Athabaskans15,6238045,53152622,484
阿留申人11,9207236,10853119,282
因紐皮雅特人24,8598777,05157333,360
海達族 15,2568599,33163426,080
欽西安人英语Tsimshian2,3072401,0101983,755
尤皮克人28,9276913,96131033,889
阿拉斯加原住民部落,未指定19,7311739,89613329,933
美洲印第安人或阿拉斯加原住民部落,未指定693,709no data852,25311,545,963

部落主權编辑

民權運動编辑

當代問題编辑

種族主義编辑

平權行動問題编辑

運動中的美洲原住民吉祥物编辑

藝術中的歷史描繪编辑

術語差異编辑

博彩業编辑

金融服務编辑

預訂犯罪编辑

經濟發展的障礙编辑

美洲原住民經濟發展話語编辑

土地所有權挑戰编辑

歷史背景下的土地所有權和官僚主義挑戰编辑

地理貧困编辑

創傷编辑

歷史創傷编辑

代際創傷的影響编辑

糧食不安全编辑

社會、語言和文化编辑

民族語言分類编辑

語言教育编辑

土著美食编辑

宗教编辑

性別角色编辑

現代教育编辑

運動编辑

團隊競技编辑

個人運動编辑

美國奧運會编辑

音樂编辑

藝術编辑

異族關係编辑

歐洲奴役编辑

美洲原住民和非洲人的關係编辑

種族認同编辑

混合物和遺傳學编辑

部落成員编辑

增加自我認同编辑

遺傳學编辑

參見编辑

参考文献编辑

  1. ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2013-05-08]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-29).  2010 Census Bureau
  2. ^ Siebens, J & T Julian. Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010. United States Census Bureau. December 2011.