缨小蜂科

缨小蜂科; 化石时期：白垩纪早期到现在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	稻虱缨小蜂
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
（未分级）：	單距類 Unicalcarida
亚目：	细腰亚目 Apocrita
下目：	寄生蜂下目 Parasitica
总科：	小蜂總科 Chalcidoidea
科：	缨小蜂科 Mymaridae

缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)也被称为仙女蜂科(fairy wasp或fairyfly)，是小蜂总科下的一个科，遍布世界温带和热带区域。缨小蜂科包含100个属和1400个物种。

体型编辑

同大多是小蜂总科的生物一样，缨小蜂科的昆虫都十分微小，通常只有0.5至1.0 mm（0.020至0.039英寸）长。缨小蜂科包含目前已知的最小昆虫，体长只有0.139 mm（0.0055英寸）。最小的飞虫也属于缨小蜂科，体长为0.15 mm（0.0059英寸）。缨小蜂科通常为黑色、棕色或黄色。雌性触角明显地呈片段型的倾斜，而雄性触角则是线状的。它们的翅膀一般是细长的，具有长鬃毛，看起来呈羽毛状，但也有的物种拥有很短的翅膀或完全没有翅膀。通过头部缝线的H形图案可以区别缨小蜂科与其他小蜂总科生物。

特性编辑

缨小蜂科是小蜂总科下最常见的一个科，但它们由于体型十分微小所以难以被人注意到。它们的一生十分短暂，通常只有几天。所有的缨小蜂科生物都是拟寄生物，它们寄生在其他昆虫的卵里面，很多物种都已被成功地用来做生物防治。

缨小蜂科的化石来源于早期白垩纪的阿尔布期。它们是目前已知的唯一来源于白垩纪的小蜂总科生物，因此它们被认为是最原始的小蜂总科生物。

分类编辑

缨小蜂科最初由爱尔兰昆虫学家亚力山大·亨利·哈利迪于1833年创立。哈利迪的两位亲密朋友约翰·柯蒂斯和弗朗西斯·沃克，也是受人尊敬的昆虫学家，他们在19世纪早期的膜翅目昆虫研究中具有很深的影响力。^[1]^[2]

属编辑

下表是缨小蜂科所包含的属。^[3]^[4]

有 † 标志的为已经灭绝的属

现存属编辑

Acanthomymar Subba Rao, 1970
Acmopolynema Ogloblin, 1946
Acmotemnus Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Agalmopolynema Ogloblin, 1960
Alaptus Ferrière, 1930
Allanagrus Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Allarescon Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Anagroidea Girault, 1915
Anagrus Haliday, 1833
Anaphes Haliday, 1833
Anneckia Subba Rao, 1970
Apoxypteron Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Arescon Walker, 1846
Australomymar Girault, 1929
Baburia Hedqvist, 2004
Bakkendorfia Mathot, 1966
Boccacciomymar Triapitysn & Berezovskiy, 2007
Borneomymar Huber, 2002
Boudiennyia Girault, 1937
Bruchomymar Ogloblin, 1939
Caenomymar Yoshimoto, 1990
Callodicopus Ogloblin, 1955
Camptoptera Förster, 1856
Camptopteroides Viggiani, 1974
Caraphractus Walker, 1846
Ceratanaphes Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Chaetomymar Ogloblin, 1946
Chrysoctonus Mathot, 1966
Cleruchoides Lin & Huber, 2007
Cleruchus Enock, 1909
Cnecomymar Ogloblin, 1963
Cremnomymar Ogloblin, 1952
Cybomymar Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Dicopomorpha Ogloblin, 1955
Dicopus Enock, 1909
Dorya Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Entrichopteris Yoshimoto, 1990
Eofoersteria Mathot, 1966
Erdosiella Soyka, 1956
Erythmelus Enock, 1909
Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov & Trjapitzin, 1972
Eucleruchus Ogloblin, 1940
Eustochomorpha Girault, 1915
Eustochus Haliday, 1833
Formicomymar Yoshimoto, 1990
Gahanopsis Ogloblin, 1946
Ganomymar De Santis, 1972
Gonatocerus Nees, 1834
Haplochaeta Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Himopolynema Taguchi, 1977
Idiocentrus Gahan, 1927
Ischiodasys Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Kalopolynema Ogloblin, 1960
Kikiki Huber & Beardsley, 2000
Kompsomymar Lin & Huber, 2007
Krokella Huber, 1993
Kubja Subba Rao, 1984
Litus Haliday, 1833
Macrocamptoptera Girault, 1910
Malfattia Meunier, 1901
Mimalaptus Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Mymar Curtis, 1829
Mymarilla Westwood, 1879
Myrmecomymar Yoshimoto, 1990
Narayanella Subba Rao, 1976
Neolitus Ogloblin, 1935
Neomymar Crawford, 1913
Neostethynium Ogloblin, 1964
Neserythmelus Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Nesomymar Valentine, 1971
Nesopatasson Valentine, 1971
Notomymar Doutt & Yoshimoto, 1970
Omyomymar Schauff, 1983
Ooctonus Haliday, 1833
Palaeoneura Waterhouse, 1915
Palaeopatasson Witsack, 1986
Paracmotemnus Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Paranaphoidea Girault, 1913
Parapolynema Fidalgo, 1982
Parastethynium Lin & Huber in Lin, Huber & La Salle, 2007
Platyfrons Yoshimoto, 1990
Platypolynema Ogloblin, 1960
Platystethynium Ogloblin, 1946
Polynema Haliday, 1833
Polynemoidea Girault, 1913
Polynemula Ogloblin, 1967
Prionaphes Hincks, 1961
Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Pseudocleruchus Donev & Huber, 2002
Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt, 1961
Restisoma Yoshimoto, 1990
Richteria Girault, 1920
Schizophragma Ogloblin, 1949
Scleromymar Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Steganogaster Noyes & Valentine, 1989
Stephanocampta Mathot, 1966
Stephanodes Enock, 1909
Stethynium Enock, 1909
Tanyostethium Yoshimoto, 1990
Tetrapolynema Ogloblin, 1946
Tinkerbella Huber & Noyes, 2013
Zelanaphes Noyes & Valentine, 1989

化石属编辑

这些是已经灭绝的属，通过分析其化石从而被归类于缨小蜂科:^[5]^[6]

†Carpenteriana Yoshimoto, 1975
†Enneagmus Yoshimoto, 1975
†Eoanaphes Huber in Huber & Greenwalt, 2011
†Eoeustochus Huber in Huber & Greenwalt, 2011
†Macalpinia Yoshimoto, 1975
†Myanmymar Huber in Huber & Poinar, 2011
†Triadomerus Yoshimoto, 1975

参见编辑

参考编辑

^ Kari T. Ryder Wilkie. Francis Walker (1809–1874). Global Ant Project – World Ant Taxonomists. [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-01）.
^ L. Watson; M. J. Dallwitz. British Insects. DELTA, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-08）.
^ Simon van Noort. Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps. WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum. [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）.
^ John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu. Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae (PDF). Arthropod fauna of the UAE. 2009, 2: 270–297 [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-30）.
^ John T. Huber. The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera) (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 2005, 69: 167–183 [2018-04-28]. ISSN 1211-376X. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-27）.
^ George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber. D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey , 编. Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys (Pensoft). 2011, 130 (130): 461–472 [2018-04-28]. PMC 3260775  . PMID 22259293. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)

外部链接编辑

USDA Mymaridae
Ponent （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Images
Universal Chalcidoidea Database （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Biocontrol of the GWSS using a Mymarid in French Polynesia

[walker-1] Kari T. Ryder Wilkie. Francis Walker (1809–1874). Global Ant Project – World Ant Taxonomists. [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-01）.

[delta-2] L. Watson; M. J. Dallwitz. British Insects. DELTA, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-08）.

[vanNoort-3] Simon van Noort. Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps. WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum. [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）.

[huber2009-4] John T. Huber; Gennaro Viggiani; Ricardo Jesu. Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae (PDF). Arthropod fauna of the UAE. 2009, 2: 270–297 [2018-04-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-30）.

[huber2005-5] John T. Huber. The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera) (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 2005, 69: 167–183 [2018-04-28]. ISSN 1211-376X. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-27）.

[poinar-6] George Poinar Jr.; John T. Huber. D.E. Shcherbakov; M.S. Engel; M.J. Sharkey , 编. Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys (Pensoft). 2011, 130 (130): 461–472 [2018-04-28]. PMC 3260775  . PMID 22259293. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)

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