絛蟲綱
扁形动物门的一纲
绦虫纲（學名：Cestoda）是一個寄生性扁形动物门的一個綱[2][3]。人们常说的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲，其生活史可能各有不同，但這些物種的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物的消化道内，而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種，例如：软体动物。這些物種自身无消化道，体分节或不分节的扁形动物。
絛蟲綱 化石时期： | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Taenia saginata | |
科学分类  | |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes |
| 纲： | 絛蟲綱 Cestoda |
| 亚纲 | |
| |
絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史：科學家在一塊2.7億年前（二疊紀中期到後期）的鯊魚糞便化石（coprolites）裡發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴[1]。
分類编辑
目前全球约有4000餘种，中国约有400种[4]。共分以下两个亚纲：
- 单节绦虫亚纲（Cestodaria）
- 多節絛蟲亞綱（Eucestoidea）
寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种，多属圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）和假叶目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉絛虫[4]。
多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清[5]。以下為現時的分類：
- 單殖綱 Monogenea
- Amphilinidea
- Caryophyllidea
- Spathebothriidea
- Caryophyllidea
- Amphilinidea
四葉目、假葉目（因為裂頭絛蟲科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圓葉目（因為Mesocestoididae科）均為並系群。
帶科（Taeniidae）可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底[5]。
The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.
海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种，分为五个总科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.
- 在GBIF，本纲包括以下目：
- Amphilinidea
- Bothriocephalidea
- Caryophyllidea
- Cathetocephalidea
- 圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea
- Diphyllidea
- 裂头绦虫目 Diphyllobothriidea
- Cephalochlamydidae
- 裂头绦虫科 Diphyllobothriidae
- Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931
- Baylisia Markowski, 1952
- Baylisiella Markowski, 1952
- Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899
- Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858
- Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892
- Dubium Rudolphi, 1819
- Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989
- Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921
- Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955
- Ligula Bloch, 1782
- Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810
- Ligula avium Bloch, 1782
- Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803
- Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839
- Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810
- Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790[6]
- Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839
- Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017
- Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860
- Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959
- Multiductus Clarke, 1962
- Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969
- Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890
- Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
- Sparganum Diesing, 1854
- Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
- Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961
- Solenophoridae
- Gyrocotylidea
- Haplobothriidea
- Lecanicephalidea
- Aberrapecidae
- Cephalobothiidae
- Cephalobothriidae
- Eniochobothriidae
- Lecanicephalidae
- Paraberrapecidae
- Polycephalidae
- Polypocephalidae
- Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
- Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017
- Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Polypocephalus Braun, 1878[7]
- Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020
- Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991
- Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007
- Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005
- Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989
- Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005
- Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006
- Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005
- Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006
- Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006
- Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925
- Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009
- Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987
- Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878
- Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
- Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982
- Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960
- Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
- Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
- Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
- Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Tetragonocephalidae
- Zanobatocestidae
- Litobothriidea
- Nippotaeniidea
- Onchoproteocephalidea
- Phyllobothriidea
- Chimaerocestidae
- Phyllobothriidae
- Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
- Anindobothrium
- Anthobothrium
- Aocobothrium
- Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
- Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
- Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Caulobothrium
- Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
- Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
- Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
- Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990[8]
- Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
- Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993
- Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
- Crossobothrium Linton, 1889
- Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908
- Dinobothrium
- Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Gastrolecithus
- Guidus Ivanov, 2006
- Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
- Hoaleshwaria
- Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
- Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952
- Monorygma Diesing, 1863
- Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863
- Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889
- Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963
- Phanobothrium
- Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963
- Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850
- Pillersium Southwell, 1927
- Pithophorus Southwell, 1925
- Polipobothrium
- Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
- Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
- Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927
- Shindeiobothrium
- Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890
- Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
- Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981
- Rhinebothriidea
- Spathebothriidea
- Acrobothriidae
- Diplocotylidae
- Spathebothriidae
- Tetrabothriidea
- Tetrabothriidae
- Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922
- Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896
- Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
- Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
- Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922
- Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932
- Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828
- Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
- Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932
- Tetrabothriidae
- 四葉目 Tetraphyllidea
- 锥吻目 Trypanorhyncha
- 目的地位未定的科：
- Ballianiidae
- Pseudophyllidae
- Trilocularidae
- 目和科的地位未定的属：
- Acanthorhynchus Diesing, 1850
- Acrostoma Le Sauvage, 1827
- Alyselminthus Zeder, 1800
- Amphicephalus Beneden, 1871
- Aprostatandrya Spasski, 1951
- Atriotaenia Spasski, 1951
- Balanoforus Briganti, 1825
- Bicorne Sultzer, 1801
- Bicornius Rafinesque, 1815
- Bothriocephalum Lühe, 1899
- Bothriorhynchus Lidth de Jeude, 1829
- Bothriotaenia Railliet, 1892
- Bothryocephalus Cuvier, 1817
- Butleroides Lordello & Zamith, 1959
- Caryophillinus Schrank, 1788
- Caryophyllus Rudolphi, 1809
- Catenaria Zeder, 1800
- Cephalocotyleum Diesing, 1850
- Cercocystis Villot, 1882
- Cestoideum Diesing, 1854
- Cestoscolex Parona, 1887
- Chitonorecta Meggitt, 1927
- Cisticercoideum Parona, 1901
- Corynesoma Leuckart, 1843
- Cotylogenes Lühe, 1902
- Cryptocephalus van Beneden, 1849
- Cryptocystis Villot, 1883
- Cucurbilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
- Cucurbitina Alexander, 1833
- Cucurbitinus Gleichen, 1779
- Cucurbitinus Kniphof, 1759
- Cylindrocorpus Rühm, 1959
- Cysticercus Zeder, 1800
- Cysturus Oken, 1815
- Davainoides Fuhrmann, 1921
- Dibothria Rudolphi, 1809
- Dibothriorhyncus Chiaje, 1831
- Dibothrium Diesing, 1850
- Dibothrium Rudolphi, 1839
- Dibothrius Rudolphi, 1819
- Dibothrydus
- Diorchis Matevosyan, 1946
- Diplasia Holten, 1802
- Diporus Diesing, 1863
- Diprognopolus Anon., 1904
- Dithyridium Rudolphi, 1819
- Dithyridium Valenciennes, 1844
- Dittocephalus Parona, 1887
- Echinobothria Rudolphi, 1810
- Echinobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
- Echinoproboscilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
- Fascia Blanchard, 1888
- Furia Linnaeus, 1758
- Gieystoria
- Globus Scopoli, 1772
- Gopalaia Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980
- Guptaia Malhotra, 1985
- Gvosdevileps Spasskii, 1953
- Gymnobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
- Gymnoscolex Diesing, 1853
- Gymnotenia Beneden, 1873
- Gyrarthrix
- Halysis Zeder, 1803
- Heterodera Skarbilovich, 1959
- Hydatodes Abildgaard, 1790
- Ilisha Southwell & Prashad, 1918
- Lakistorhynchus Pintner, 1913
- Luheella Baer, 1924
- Maccallumiella Yamaguti, 1952
- Mastacembellophyllaeus Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977
- Merocestus Cohn, 1902
- Metabelea Mettrick, 1963
- Monocercus Villot, 1882
- Monogramma Cholodkovsky, 1915
- Notobothrium Linstow, 1905
- Octobothrium Diesing, 1850
- Onchoscolex Diesing, 1853
- Oobothrium Linton, 1904
- Orygmatoscolex Diesing, 1854
- Palaia Shipley, 1900
- Pancrates Gistl, 1848
- Parvitaenio Burt, 1940
- Piestocystis Diesing, 1850
- Platybothrium Hornell & Nayudu, 1924
- Plerocercoides
- Proglottis Dujardin, 1843
- Prosthecocotyle Monticelli, 1892
- Pseudobothrium
- Pseudocapingentoldes Verma, 1971
- Pseudodiscus Polonio, 1860
- Pseudonybelinla Dollfus, 1966
- Pseudoscicus Polonio, 1860
- Sagittula Lamarck, 1816
- Skrjabinoparaksis Krotov, 1949
- Slossia Meggitt, 1931
- Solium Blanchard, 1886
- Spasskijela Tenora, 1959
- Sphairidion Goodsir, 1845
- Steganobothrium Diesing, 1854
- Stenotenia Gervais, 1870
- Strobilocercus Sambon, 1924
- Synbia Tschudi, 1837
- Taeniea Braun, 1894
- Taxocyclocotyle Diesing, 1854
- Terratas Blanchard, 1886
- Tetrabothriorhynchus Diesing, 1850
- Tetracisdicotyla Fuhrmann, 1907
- Tetracotylus Monticelli, 1892
- Tetrarhyncha
- Tetrastoma Forbes, 1840
- Tetrathyridium Rudolphi, 1819
- Tetrathyrus Creplin, 1851
- Thornonema Andrássy, 1959
- Urocystidium Beddard, 1912
- Versicaria Baird, 1853
特征编辑
成虫扁长如腰带，分节，白色或乳白色，体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节（scolex）、颈部（neck）、节片（proglottid）组成，前端细。头节上有槽、吸盘或钩，借此附着在宿主肠壁上；节片由颈分裂而来，节片由一至数千不等，越往后越宽大；每一节片相当一个体，称链体（stroblius），链体是虫体最显著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料；随着生殖器官的发育，节片愈后愈成熟，有卵的节片称为孕节，最后逐节或整段脱落，随粪便排出宿主体外。
生活史编辑
卵内具有钩的胚，胚逸出后侵入中间宿主，发育为实心或囊状的蚴，蚴被最终宿主吞食后，即在小肠内成长为成虫；例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。
参考文献编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13） （英语）.
- ^ McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.
- ^ Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 人体寄生虫学 第6版. 人民卫生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 （中文（简体））.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）.
- ^ Ligula intestinalis. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28].
- ^ Polypocephalus sp.. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29].
- ^ Clistobothrium carcharodoni. Parasite of the Day. [2024-04-06].
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