神经突

神经突（neurite，neuronal process）又称胞突，是指从神经细胞细胞体产生的任何突起，既可以指轴突，也可以指树突。当神经细胞处于发育中时这两种突起实际很难分辨，此时便可用神经突来代指。^[1]

神经突的发育编辑

神经突的发育需要细胞内外的信号之间进行复杂的相互作用。在发育过程中，遍布于整个神经突的特殊受体会检测周围的空间是否适合生长。^[2] 神经突会通过处理所有来自受体的信息来决定该朝哪个方向生长。^[2]发展中的神经元会将所有的生长信号汇总在一起，并以此来决定神经元最终将会向哪个方向生长。^[2] 在已知的细胞外生长信号中，netrin（英语：netrin），一种中线化学引诱剂，以及semaphorin（英语：semaphorin）、ephrin（英语：ephrin）和Collapsin response mediator protein family（英语：collapsin），都是神经突生长的抑制剂。^[2]^[3]^[4]

早期的神经突通常充满了微管束，其生长受到神经营养因子的刺激，如神经生长因子（英语：nerve growth factor）（NGF）。^[5] Tau蛋白可以通过与微管结合来帮助稳定微管，保护其不受微管切断蛋白的影响。^[6]神经元的细胞骨架在微管稳定后仍保持动态。肌动蛋白丝在将成为轴突的神经突中仍保持其动态的特性，以此来推动微管束向外延伸轴突。^[7] 然而，在所有其他的神经突中，肌动蛋白丝会被肌球蛋白稳定下来。^[8] 这防止了多轴突的发育。

参考文献编辑

^ Flynn, Kevin C. The cytoskeleton and neurite initiation. Bioarchitecture. 2013-01-01, 3 (4): 86–109. ISSN 1949-0992. PMC 4201609  . PMID 24002528. doi:10.4161/bioa.26259.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Valtorta, F.; Leoni, C. Molecular mechanisms of neurite extension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1999-02-28, 354 (1381): 387–394. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1692490  . PMID 10212488. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0391.
^ Niclou, Simone P.; Franssen, Elske H. P.; Ehlert, Erich M. E.; Taniguchi, Masahiko; Verhaagen, Joost. Meningeal cell-derived semaphorin 3A inhibits neurite outgrowth. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 2003-12-01, 24 (4): 902–912. ISSN 1044-7431. PMID 14697657. S2CID 12637023. doi:10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00243-4.
^ Luo, Y.; Raible, D.; Raper, J. A. Collapsin: a protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones. Cell. 1993-10-22, 75 (2): 217–227. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 8402908. S2CID 46120825. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)80064-l.
^ Bear, Mark F; Connors, Barry W.; Paradiso, Michael A., Neuroscience, Exploring the Brain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third Edition (February 1, 2006). ISBN 0-7817-6003-8
^ Qiang, Liang; Yu, Wenqian; Andreadis, Athena; Luo, Minhua; Baas, Peter W. Tau Protects Microtubules in the Axon from Severing by Katanin. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 March 2006, 26 (12): 3120–3129. ISSN 0270-6474. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5392-05.2006.
^ Xiao, Yangui; Peng, Yinghui; Wan, Jun; Tang, Genyun; Chen, Yuewen; Tang, Jing; Ye, Wen-Cai; Ip, Nancy Y.; Shi, Lei. The Atypical Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Dock4 Regulates Neurite Differentiation through Modulation of Rac1 GTPase and Actin Dynamics. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2013-07-05, 288 (27): 20034–20045. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 3707701  . PMID 23720743. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.458612 （英语）.
^ Toriyama, Michinori; Kozawa, Satoshi; Sakumura, Yuichi; Inagaki, Naoyuki. Conversion of a signal into forces for axon outgrowth through Pak1-mediated shootin1 phosphorylation. Current Biology. 2013-03-18, 23 (6): 529–534. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 23453953. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.017  .

[1] Flynn, Kevin C. The cytoskeleton and neurite initiation. Bioarchitecture. 2013-01-01, 3 (4): 86–109. ISSN 1949-0992. PMC 4201609  . PMID 24002528. doi:10.4161/bioa.26259.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Valtorta, F.; Leoni, C. Molecular mechanisms of neurite extension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1999-02-28, 354 (1381): 387–394. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1692490  . PMID 10212488. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0391.

[3] Niclou, Simone P.; Franssen, Elske H. P.; Ehlert, Erich M. E.; Taniguchi, Masahiko; Verhaagen, Joost. Meningeal cell-derived semaphorin 3A inhibits neurite outgrowth. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 2003-12-01, 24 (4): 902–912. ISSN 1044-7431. PMID 14697657. S2CID 12637023. doi:10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00243-4.

[4] Luo, Y.; Raible, D.; Raper, J. A. Collapsin: a protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones. Cell. 1993-10-22, 75 (2): 217–227. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 8402908. S2CID 46120825. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)80064-l.

[5] Bear, Mark F; Connors, Barry W.; Paradiso, Michael A., Neuroscience, Exploring the Brain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third Edition (February 1, 2006). ISBN 0-7817-6003-8

[6] Qiang, Liang; Yu, Wenqian; Andreadis, Athena; Luo, Minhua; Baas, Peter W. Tau Protects Microtubules in the Axon from Severing by Katanin. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 March 2006, 26 (12): 3120–3129. ISSN 0270-6474. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5392-05.2006.

[7] Xiao, Yangui; Peng, Yinghui; Wan, Jun; Tang, Genyun; Chen, Yuewen; Tang, Jing; Ye, Wen-Cai; Ip, Nancy Y.; Shi, Lei. The Atypical Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Dock4 Regulates Neurite Differentiation through Modulation of Rac1 GTPase and Actin Dynamics. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2013-07-05, 288 (27): 20034–20045. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 3707701  . PMID 23720743. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.458612 （英语）.

[8] Toriyama, Michinori; Kozawa, Satoshi; Sakumura, Yuichi; Inagaki, Naoyuki. Conversion of a signal into forces for axon outgrowth through Pak1-mediated shootin1 phosphorylation. Current Biology. 2013-03-18, 23 (6): 529–534. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 23453953. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.017  .

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