油口蘑

油口蘑
	查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形态特徵
	子實層上有菌褶
	蕈傘為平坦
	子實層附生
	蕈柄裸露
	孢印白色
	菌根真菌
	不建議食用

油口蘑
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目：	伞菌目 Agaricales
科：	口蘑科 Tricholomataceae
属：	口蘑屬 Tricholoma
种：	油口蘑 T. equestre
二名法
	Tricholoma equestre; (L.) P.Kumm.

油口蘑（學名：Tricholoma equestre）是傘菌目口蘑屬的一種真菌，最早於1753年由林奈在《植物種志》發表描述，當時被歸於傘菌屬中，名為Agaricus equestris^[1]。1871年，德國真菌學家保羅·庫默爾將本種移入口蘑屬中^[2]。本種過去為複合種，現已分拆出許多獨立物種^[3]。

油口蘑的蕈傘直徑為5—15公分，呈黃色，中心稍帶棕色；蕈柄長4—10公分，呈黃色，基部為棕色；蕈褶亦為黃色，擔孢子為白色^[4]。本種可與歐洲赤松與銀冷杉等樹木形成外菌根（英语：Ectomycorrhiza），在歐洲、北美洲、中美洲、非洲與日本均有分布^[3]。

油口蘑過去在歐洲被認為可食^[5]，有記載指中世紀的法蘭西騎士會食用本種，農民則食用較為廉價的乳牛肝菌^[6]。但也有疑似食用油口蘑後發生蕈類中毒的案例，症狀包括肌肉無力、疼痛、尿液顏色變深、噁心、出汗等^[7]，甚至有食用後致死的案例^[8]，中毒機制疑似為橫紋肌溶解症^[9]。不過也有研究認為沒有足夠證據指本種有毒^[10]。北美洲尚無食用本種中毒的案例^[11]，有研究認為北美洲的油口蘑實為外型相似的另一物種^[12]。

參考文獻编辑

^ Linnaeus, C. Species Plantarum: Tomus II. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 1753: 1173 （拉丁语）.
^ Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson. Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. 1977: 24. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Moukha, Serge; Férandon, Cyril; Beroard, Erika; Guinberteau, Jacques; Castandet, Benoît; Callac, Philippe; Creppy, Edmond; Barroso, Gérard. A molecular contribution to the assessment of the Tricholoma equestre species complex. Fungal Biology. 2013-02, 117 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.01.003.
^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 160–161. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 49. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
^ Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. 2005: 90. ISBN 3-8331-1239-5.
^ Meister, John; Reddy, Kathleen. Rhabdomyolysis: An Overview. The American Journal of Nursing. 2002, 102 (2): 75–79. ISSN 0002-936X. JSTOR 3522796. PMID 11953525. doi:10.1097/00000446-200202000-00028.
^ Bedry R, Baudrimont I, Deffieux G, et al. Wild-mushroom intoxication as a cause of rhabdomyolysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345 (11): 798–802. PMID 11556299. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010581  .
^ Saviuc, Phillippe; Danel, Vincent. New syndromes in mushroom poisoning. Toxicological Reviews. 2006, 25 (3): 199–209. PMID 17192123. S2CID 24320633. doi:10.2165/00139709-200625030-00004.
^ Rzymski, Piotr; Klimaszyk, Piotr. Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2018-09, 17 (5): 1309–1324. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12374.
^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 125. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 2009: 102. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.

[1] Linnaeus, C. Species Plantarum: Tomus II. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 1753: 1173 （拉丁语）.

[nilper-2] Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson. Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. 1977: 24. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.

[Moukha-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Moukha, Serge; Férandon, Cyril; Beroard, Erika; Guinberteau, Jacques; Castandet, Benoît; Callac, Philippe; Creppy, Edmond; Barroso, Gérard. A molecular contribution to the assessment of the Tricholoma equestre species complex. Fungal Biology. 2013-02, 117 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.01.003.

[:0-4] Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 160–161. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.

[5] Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 49. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

[Lamaison05-6] Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. 2005: 90. ISBN 3-8331-1239-5.

[7] Meister, John; Reddy, Kathleen. Rhabdomyolysis: An Overview. The American Journal of Nursing. 2002, 102 (2): 75–79. ISSN 0002-936X. JSTOR 3522796. PMID 11953525. doi:10.1097/00000446-200202000-00028.

[Bedry-8] Bedry R, Baudrimont I, Deffieux G, et al. Wild-mushroom intoxication as a cause of rhabdomyolysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345 (11): 798–802. PMID 11556299. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010581  .

[Saviuc2006-9] Saviuc, Phillippe; Danel, Vincent. New syndromes in mushroom poisoning. Toxicological Reviews. 2006, 25 (3): 199–209. PMID 17192123. S2CID 24320633. doi:10.2165/00139709-200625030-00004.

[10] Rzymski, Piotr; Klimaszyk, Piotr. Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2018-09, 17 (5): 1309–1324. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12374.

[Miller_2006-11] Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 125. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.

[12] Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 2009: 102. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.

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Baike

油口蘑

口蘑科口蘑属真菌

參考文獻编辑

油口蘑
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形态特徵
	子實層上有菌褶
	蕈傘為平坦
	子實層附生
	蕈柄裸露
	孢印白色
	菌根真菌
	不建議食用