撒哈拉以南非洲

位於撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲大陸地區

撒哈拉以南非洲[2](英語:Sub-Saharan Africa),指撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲地區,又稱亞撒哈拉地區下撒哈拉漠南非洲南非,也有稱黑非洲Negro Africa)。自然地理上與衣索比亞界高度重疊。政治上,包括了所有或部分领土位于撒哈拉沙漠以南的国家(苏丹除外,尽管其位于撒哈拉沙漠的东缘)。与这一概念相对应的是北部非洲,其通常被认为是阿拉伯世界的一部分。索马里吉布提科摩罗毛里塔尼亚地理上属于撒哈拉以南非洲,但也是阿拉伯世界的一部分。

衛星空照圖片顯示出撒哈拉以南非洲地區,對照非洲各國疆界與撒哈拉以南非洲地區(綠色部分)
深绿和浅绿: 国际机构统计数据中所指的撒哈拉以南非洲
浅绿:联合国认为 苏丹属于北部非洲[1]

地理编辑

本地區面積約2430万平方公里。從公元前三千五百多年起,雖然撒哈拉沙漠以其人煙稀疏與天候惡劣,一直成為北非及本地區間的天然障礙,但亦有尼羅河及紅海可以交通撒哈拉沙漠以北的埃及與撒哈拉沙漠以南的東非地區,另外古代還有跨撒哈拉貿易可以交通北非地中海沿岸與西非內陸地區。
西非馬里統治者曼薩·穆薩就曾經親自跨越撒哈拉沙漠,途經開羅前往麥加朝聖。

人口编辑

2006年非洲人口密度地图。
撒哈拉以南非洲的生育率和预期寿命地图。

根据联合国《世界人口展望(2019)》[3][4],2019年撒哈拉以南非洲人口为11亿。目前的增长率为2.3%。联合国预测,到2050年该地区人口将达到20亿至25亿[5] ,人口密度为每平方千米80人。与之相比,届时西欧、亚洲和美洲的人口密度将分别为每平方公里170人、140人和30人。

撒哈拉以南非洲国家在生育率最高的50个国家和地区中占40个,2008年总和生育率均大于4。除南非和塞舌尔外,其他国家均高于世界平均水平[6]。 除南非以外的撒哈拉以南国家(亦包括苏丹),其中40%以上的人口年龄在15岁以下。[7]

國家人口面積識字率(男/女)[8]人均GDP[8]清廉指數(排名/分數)[9]預期壽命[8]HDIEODBR/SAB[10]PFI[11](排名/分數)
 安哥拉18,498,0001,246,70082.9%/54.2%6,800168/242.40.486172/171132/58,43
 布隆迪8,988,09127,83067.3%/52.2%700168/1.8490.316176/130103/29,00
 刚果民主共和国68,692,5422,345,41080.9%/54.1%800162/11.946.10.286182/152146/53,50
 喀麦隆18,879,301475,44077%/59.8%3,700146/2.250.30.482171/174109/30,50
 中非4,511,488622,98464.8%/33.5%700158/2.844.40.343183/15980/17,75
 乍得10,329,2081,284,00040.8%/12.8%2,300175/1.650.60.328178/182132/44,50
 刚果共和国3,700,000342,00090.5%/ 79.0%800162/1.954.80.533N/A116/34,25
 赤道几内亚1,110,00028,05193.4%/80.3%37,400168/1.851.10.537170/178158/65,50
 加彭1,514,993267,66788.5%/79.7%18,100106/2.956.70.674158/152129/43,50
 肯尼亚39,002,772582,65077.7%/70.23,500146/2.257.80.51995/12496/25,00
 奈及利亞174,507,539923,76884.4%/72.7%[12]5,900136/2.7570.504131/120112/34.24
 卢旺达10,473,28226,33871.4%/59.8%2,10089/3.346.80.42967/11157/64,67
 聖多美和普林西比212,6791,00192.2%/77.9%3,200111/2.865.20.509180/140NA
 坦桑尼亚44,928,923945,08777.5%/62.2%3,200126/2.651.90.466131/120NA/15,50
 乌干达32,369,558236,04076.8%/57.72,400130/2.550.70.446112/12986/21,50
 苏丹31,894,0001,886,06879.6%/60.8%4,300176/1.562.57[13]0.408154/118148/54,00
 南蘇丹8,260,490619,7451,600
 吉布提516,05523,000N/A3,600111/2.854.50.430163/177110/31,00
 厄立特里亚5,647,168121,320N/A1,600126/2.657.30.349175/181175/115,50
 衣索比亞85,237,3381,127,12750%/28.8%2,200120/2.752.50.363107/93140/49,00
 索马里9,832,017637,657N/AN/A180/1.147.7N/AN/A164/77,50
 博茨瓦纳1,990,876600,37080.4%/81.8%17,00037/5.649.80.63345/8362/15,50
 科摩罗752,4382,170N/A1,600143/2.363.20.433162/16882/19,00
 賴索托2,130,81930,35573.7%/90.3%3,30089/3.342.90.450130/13199/27,50
 马达加斯加19,625,000587,04176.5%/65.3%1,60099/3.0590.480134/12134/45,83
 马拉维14,268,711118,480N/A1,20089/3.347.60.400132/12862/15,50
 模里西斯1,284,2642,04088.2%/80.5%22,30042/5.473.20.72817/1051/14,00
 莫桑比克21,669,278801,590N/A1,300130/2.542.50.322135/9682/19,00
 纳米比亚2,108,665825,41886.8%/83.6%11,20056/4.552.50.62566/12335/9,00
 塞舌尔87,47645591.4%/92.3%29,30054/4.872.20.773111/8172/16,00
 南非59,899,9911,219,912N/A13,60055/4.750.70.61934/6733/8,50
 斯威士兰1,123,91317,36380.9%/78.3%11,08979/3.640.80.608115/158144/52,50
 尚比亞11,862,740752,614N/A4,00099/3.041.70.43090/9497/26,75
 辛巴威11,392,629390,58092.7%/86.2%2,300146/2.242.70.376159/155136/46,50
 贝宁8,791,832112,62047.9%/42.3%2,300106/2.956.20.427172/15597/26,75
 马里12,666,9871,240,00032.7%/15.9%2,200111/2.853.80.359156/13938/8,00
 布吉納法索15,730,977274,20025.3%1,90079/3.6510.331150/116N/A
 佛得角499,000322,4627,000
 科特迪瓦20,617,068322,4633,900
 冈比亚1,782,89311,2952,600
 加纳24,200,000238,5354,700
 几内亚10,057,975245,8572,200
 几内亚比绍1,647,00036,1251,900
 利比里亚4,128,572111,3691,300
 毛里塔尼亚3,359,1851,030,7004,500
 尼日尔17,129,0761,267,0001,200
 塞内加尔12,855,153196,7123,500
 塞拉利昂6,190,28071,7401,600
 多哥7,154,23756,7851,700

GDP per Capita (PPP) (2016, 2017 (PPP, US$)), Life (Exp.) (Life Expectancy 2006), Literacy (Male/Female 2006), Trans (Transparency 2009), HDI (Human Development Index), EODBR (Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009), SAB (Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009), PFI (Press Freedom Index 2009)

參考文獻编辑

  1. ^ Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings. United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013 [20 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于2010-04-17).  "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except Northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."
  2. ^ sub-Saharan Africa. [2015-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  3. ^ "World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. [2019-11-09]. 
  4. ^ "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. [2019-11-09]. 
  5. ^ World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division. Esa.un.org. 28 August 2019 [22 December 2019]. (原始内容存档于15 June 2020). 
  6. ^ Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data. data.worldbank.org. [21 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于8 July 2016). 
  7. ^ According to the CIA Factbook Archive.is存檔,存档日期5 August 2012: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 (2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS. World Bank Publications, p. 28, ISBN 0-8213-7787-6, 9780821377871.
  9. ^ Transparency International. Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2009页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  10. ^ World Bank. Doing Business 2010, Economy Ranking 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期7 January 2010.
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ National Literacy Survey. National Bureau of Statistics. June 2010 [5 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于17 September 2015). 
  13. ^ The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [29 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于28 May 2014).