古罗马兵营

古罗马兵营（拉丁語：Castra，音译卡斯特拉，单数格式castrum）是古罗马人用作军事防御阵地而构建的建筑物或预留的地块。这个词在奥斯坎语和翁布里亚语都出现。在古典拉丁语中，根据雷纳特斯的解释，Castra的意思是“大的军团营地”，也包含了行军，临时和永久防御的意思，小词缀形式的castellum通常但有时并非如此用于表示较小的堡垒，被辅助部门占用，作为军团的物流基地。^[1]在英语中，术语Roman fortress，Roman fort和Roman camp通常指Castra。然而学术界趋于使用camp，marching camp和fortress作为Castra的翻译。这些惯例通常被遵循并使用在学术著作中。^[2]

古罗马兵营的类型编辑

古罗马兵营有名的类型是营地，在士兵不作战或行军时用于容纳和保护士兵以及他们的设备和用品的军事重镇。根据规定，一支主要的野战军队每天要撤退到一个正确构造的营地里。为此，行军里面需要运输辎重，货车和士兵的背担负建造营地所需材料。营地由工程部门负责，该部门有很多类型的专家，由首席工程师指挥，从士兵中征用大量的劳动力。他们可以在敌人的攻击下於短短的几个小时建造一个营地。^[3]

营地让罗马人在野战时保持休息和提供补给。无论是凯尔特还是日耳曼军队都没有这样的能力。

脚注编辑

^ 参见Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, 3.8.
^ See D. B. Campbell, Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC-AD 378, Oxford 2009, page 4, with a discussion about the typologies of Roman fortifications.
^ Ramsay's classic article, linked under External links, General, below, covers types of camps and camps in general. This Wikipedia article is heavily indebted but not exclusively to it.

参考资料编辑

Josephus. Trans. William Whiston. The War of the Jews. 维基文库.
Population of Vindolanda. (the Tablets) (shtml). Vindolanda Tablets Online: The Roman Army: Activities. Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Academic Computing Development Team at Oxford University. 100 AD [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-16）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)* pseudo-Hyginus. De Munitionibus Castrorum. The Latin Library. Ad fontes Academy. [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-14）. (Latin text.)
Polybius. The Histories (English translation) Book VI. The Loeb Classical Library, Volume III Section VI. [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-29）. Web publication on Bill Thayer's Polybius site.
Roman government. (Military Diploma). Military Diploma of Discharge and Roman Citizenship 160 AD. Metz, George W. 160 AD [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-21）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Legion xxiv website.
Unknown inscriber. (the Tombstone). Tombstone of Anicius Ingenuus, Museum of Antiquities Website. Newcastle University. 3rd century AD [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-25）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
Vegetius. Flavius Vegetius Renatus Epitoma Rei Militaris Book I. Armamentarium. [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-18）. Selections, Latin and English juxtaposed by paragraph. Translator unknown.
Vegetius Renatus, Flavius; Clarke, Lieutenant John (translator); unknown editor. The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari). Digital Attic 2.0. Brevik, Mads. 2001 [2014-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-25）. Books I-III only. The unknown editor altered the translation "to conform to modern usage" and abbreviated the text. Access is by subtitle. Search only within subsection.
Campbell, Duncan B. Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC-AD 378. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-380-3.
Johnson, Anne. Roman Forts of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and the German Provinces,. London: Adam & Charles Black. 1983. ISBN 0-7136-2223-7.
Keppie, Lawrence. The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. 1994. ISBN 1-56619-359-1.
Roby, Henry John. A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius: Second Edition. London: Macmillan. 1872: 453.

[1] 参见Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, 3.8.

[2] See D. B. Campbell, Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC-AD 378, Oxford 2009, page 4, with a discussion about the typologies of Roman fortifications.

[3] Ramsay's classic article, linked under External links, General, below, covers types of camps and camps in general. This Wikipedia article is heavily indebted but not exclusively to it.

[1]

[2]

[3]