Africa

Continent

(Redirected from African)

Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It makes up about a fifth of the world's land.[4] It is surrounded by large areas of water. There are 54 fully recognised and independent countries in Africa, and 14.7% (1.216 billion) of the world's population lives there.[4] It is thought to be the continent where the first humans evolved.

Africa
Area30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi)  (2nd)
Population1,393,676,444[1][2] (2021; 2nd)
Population density36.4/km2 (94/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)$2.45 trillion (2019; 5th)[3]
GDP (PPP)$7.16 trillion (2019; 5th)[3]
GDP per capita$1,930 (2019; 6th)[3]
DemonymAfrican
Countries54 (and 2 disputed)
Dependencies
Languages1250–3000 native languages
Time zonesUTC-1 to UTC+4
Largest citiesLargest urban areas:

Historychange

Civilizations before European colonization.

The history of Africa begins with the first modern human beings and continues to its present difficult state as a politically developing continent.

Africa's ancient historic period includes the rise of Egyptian civilization. It also includes the development of other societies outside the Nile River Valley, and the interaction between these societies and civilizations outside of Africa. In the late 7th century, North and East Africa were heavily influenced by the spread of Islam. That led to the appearance of new cultures, like the Swahili people and the Mali Empire, whose king, Musa Keita I, became one of the richest and most influential people of the early 14th century. This also led to an increase in the slave trade, which had a very bad influence on Africa’s development until the 19th century.

Slaverychange

Slavery has long been practiced in Africa, just like the rest of the world.[5][6] But two new slave trades would create a much bigger and more violent version of slavery.

Between the 7th and 20th centuries, the Arab slave trade took 18 million slaves from Africa via trans-Saharan routes and the Indian Ocean. Between the 15th and 20th centuries (a period of 500 years), the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7–12 million slaves to the Americas.[7][8][9] While some Africans collaborated with European and Asian slave traders, many were strongly opposed to slavery and avoided, protested, or fought it violently.[10][11]

Africans who had been captured and sent to the French colony of Saint Domingue on slave ships played an important role in ending the Atlantic slave trade. They began the Haitian Revolution, which created Haiti, the first country to permanently ban slavery.[12] After this revolution, European empires began to reduce slave trading and abolitionism became more popular. Between 1808 and 1860, the British Navy captured approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.[13]

Areas of Africa under the control or influence of European nations in 1914 (at the outbreak of World War I).

Colonialismchange

In the late 19th century, the European powers occupied much of the continent, creating many colonial and dependent territories. They left only two fully independent states: Liberia and Ethiopia (which the Europeans called “Abyssinia").

Egypt and Sudan were never formally made a part of any European colonial empire. However, after the British occupation of 1882, Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922.

Modern historychange

African independence movements had their first success in 1951, when Libya became the first former colony to become independent. Modern African history is full of revolutions and wars, as well as the growth of modern African economies and democratization across the continent.

A civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) began in 1998. Neighbouring African countries have become involved. Since the conflict began, it has killed an estimated 5.5 million people.[14]

Political associations such as the African Union offer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries.

Climatechange

Biomes of Africa

From north to south, Africa has most types of climate. In sequence from the north:

Running north-east to the south is the East African Great Rift Valley. This has mountains, volcanoes, deep rifts and valleys, rivers and lakes.

In fact, Africa has examples of most of the Earth's climate types.

Rainfallchange

The rainshadow concept, but with the wind coming from the west.
This picture shows where vegetation is most common in February and August (before and after the summer)

Much of North Africa is dry and hot: it is dominated by the Sahara Desert and does not receive much rain. In Saharan Africa, there are few rivers or other water sources. Underground water sources are very important in the desert. These often form oases. An oasis is an area of vegetation (plant life) surrounded by desert.

In that part of the world, the wind comes mostly from the east. That does bring rain, but the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau block the monsoon rain and prevent it from getting to North Africa. Also, the Atlas Mountains near the north coastof Africa prevent rain from coming in from the north. That is another rain shadow.

These two rain shadows are mainly responsible for the Sahara desert.

Conditions and winds are different further south, where huge amounts of rainfall near the equator. The equator runs across the middle of Africa (see red line drawn on map). That means much of Africa is between the two tropics:

Plants and animalschange

This oasis, in Libya, has lots of plants growing around it.

Africa has a lot of wildlife.[15][16] There are many types of animals there. In particular, it is now the only continent that has many native species of large mammals. Some of them occur in very large numbers. There are antelope, buffalo, zebra, cheetah, elephant, lion, giraffe, rhinoceros, apes, hyaena, and a lot more. Over 2,000 types of fish live in African lakes and rivers.[17]

Politicschange

The African Union (AU) is an international organisation. It aims to transform the African Economic Community, a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. The African Union has a parliamentary government, known as the African Union Government, consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive organs. It is led by the African Union President and Head of State, who is also the President of the Pan African Parliament. A person becomes President of the AU by being elected to the PAP and then gaining majority support in the PAP.

Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include Uganda,[18] Sierra Leone,[19] Liberia, Sudan,[20] Zimbabwe,[21] and Côte d'Ivoire.[22] There are 54 UN member states in Africa.

Peoplechange

Africa was the homeland for the first people.People who come from Africa are called Africans. People in the north are called North Africans and people in the south are called South Africans. Languages in eastern Africa include Swahili, Oromo and Amharic. Languages in western Africa include Lingala, Igbo, Hausa and Fulani. The most popular language in Northern Africa is Arabic.The most populated country in Africa is Nigeria.

Countrieschange

CountryArea
(km²)
PopulationYearDensity
(per km²)
Capital
Northern Africa
 Algeria2,381,74034,178,188200914Algiers
 Canary Islands (Spain)7,4922,118,5192010226Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
 Ceuta (Spain)2071,50520013,575
 Egypt1,001,45082,868,000201283Cairo
 Libya1,759,5406,310,43420094Tripoli
 Madeira (Portugal)797245,0002001307Funchal
 Melilla (Spain)1266,41120015,534
 Morocco446,55034,859,364200978Rabat
 Sudan1,861,48430,894,000200817Khartoum
 Tunisia163,61010,486,339200964Tunis
  Western Sahara266,000405,21020092El Aaiún
Horn of Africa
 Djibouti23,000942,333201622Djibouti
 Eritrea121,3205,647,168201647Asmara
 Ethiopia1,127,127102,403,196201675Addis Ababa
 Somalia637,65714,317,996201715Mogadishu
East Africa
 Burundi27,8308,988,0912009323Gitega, Bujumbura
 Comoros2,170752,4382009347Moroni
 Kenya582,65039,002,772200966Nairobi
 Madagascar587,04020,653,556200935Antananarivo
 Malawi118,48014,268,7112009120Lilongwe
 Mauritius2,0401,284,2642009630Port Louis
 Mayotte (France)374223,7652009490Mamoudzou
 Mozambique801,59021,669,278200927Maputo
 Réunion (France)2,512743,9812002296Saint-Denis
 Rwanda26,33810,473,2822009398Kigali
 Seychelles45587,4762009192Victoria
 South Sudan619,7458,260,490200813Juba
 Tanzania945,08744,929,002200943Dodoma
 Uganda236,04032,369,5582009137Kampala
 Zambia752,61411,862,740200916Lusaka
Central Africa
 Angola1,246,70012,799,293200910Luanda
 Cameroon475,44018,879,301200940Yaoundé
 Central African Republic622,9844,511,48820097Bangui
 Chad1,284,00010,329,20820098N'Djamena
 Republic of the Congo342,0004,012,809200912Brazzaville
 Democratic Republic of the Congo2,345,41069,575,000201230Kinshasa
 Equatorial Guinea28,051633,441200923Malabo
 Gabon267,6671,514,99320096Libreville
 São Tomé and Príncipe1,001212,6792009212São Tomé
Southern Africa
 Botswana600,3701,990,87620093Gaborone
 Lesotho30,3552,130,819200970Maseru
 Namibia825,4182,108,66520093Windhoek
 South Africa1,219,91251,770,560201142Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pretoria
 Swaziland17,3631,123,913200965Mbabane
 Zimbabwe390,58011,392,629200929Harare
West Africa
 Benin112,6208,791,832200978Porto-Novo
 Burkina Faso274,20015,746,232200957Ouagadougou
 Cape Verde4,033429,4742009107Praia
 Côte d'Ivoire322,46020,617,068200964Abidjan, Yamoussoukro
 Gambia11,3001,782,8932009158Banjul
 Ghana239,46023,832,4952009100Accra
 Guinea245,85710,057,975200941Conakry
 Guinea-Bissau36,1201,533,964200943Bissau
 Liberia111,3703,441,790200931Monrovia
 Mali1,240,00012,666,987200910Bamako
 Mauritania1,030,7003,129,48620093Nouakchott
 Niger1,267,00015,306,252200912Niamey
 Nigeria923,768166,629,0002012180Abuja
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)4207,728201213Jamestown
 Senegal196,19013,711,597200970Dakar
 Sierra Leone71,7406,440,053200990Freetown
 Togo56,7856,019,8772009106Lomé
  Africa Total30,368,6091,001,320,281200933

African diasporachange

Countries with significant African descendents outside Africa:

Referenceschange

  1. "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  2. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 "IMF (WEO April 2019 Edition) GDP nominal and PPP data – international dollar". Archived from the original on 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Sayre, April Pulley (1999). Africa. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-7613-1367-0.
  5. Historical survey > Slave societies Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. Swahili Coast Archived 2007-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic
  7. Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History Archived 2007-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. "Focus on the slave trade". 3 September 2001. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2010 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  9. Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-521-78430-6. Archived from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  10. Inikori, Joseph (1996). "Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade : documents relating to the British trade". Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire. 83 (312): 53–92. doi:10.3406/outre.1996.3457. Archived from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  11. Diouf, Sylviane A. (2003-10-24). Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1517-7. Archived from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  12. Gaffield, Julia. "Haiti was the first nation to permanently ban slavery". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  13. Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  14. Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  15. J.Hofman and S.Colbert 2009. The ultimate guide to African mammals. Libeal House, New Jersey.
  16. J.Dorst and P.Dandelot 1983. A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Collins, London.
  17. N.Myers 1997. The rich diversity of biodiversity issues. (In:Biodiversity II, ed. E.O. Wilson et al, National Academy Press.
  18. "Uganda Human Rights". www.historycentral.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  19. "Sierra Leone — Global Issues". www.globalissues.org. Archived from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  20. Booker, Salih; Colgan, Ann-Louise (24 June 2004). "Genocide in Darfur". Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019 – via www.thenation.com.
  21. Meldrum, Andrew (4 January 2006). "African leaders break silence over Mugabe's human rights abuses". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  22. "AllAfrica.com: Côte d'Ivoire: Human Rights Situation Getting Worse, Says UN Report". Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2011-03-02.

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