Kemangga

Kemangga, angga-angga
Kalamangsa: 319–0 Ma
O
S
D
C
P
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Pg
N
Late Carboniferous to Recent
Angga-angga panenun ing tengah jaringé
Klasifikasi ngèlmiah
Karajan:Animalia
Filum:Arthropoda
Subfilum:Chelicerata
Unranked:Arachnomorpha
Klas:Arachnida
Ordho:Araneae
Clerck, 1757
Suborders

Mesothelae
Mygalomorphae
Araneomorphae
 delengen Famili saka kemangga

Diversity
109 families, c. 40,000 species

Kemangga, (jeneng liya mangga utawa kalamangga, sok-sokan angga-angga), iku sajinis kéwan kanthi awak ros-rosan (Arthropoda) mawa rong sègmèn badan, patang pasang sikil, ora duwé sewiwi lan ora duwé cangkem pamamah. Kabèh jinis angga-angga digolongaké ing ordho Araneae; lan padha karo kalajengking, tumo, caplak lan kerabaté—kabèh sing sikilé wolu—dilebokaké ing kelas Arachnida. Elmu sing nyinaoni ngenani angga-angga yaiku arachnologi.

Angga-angga wujud kéwan pamangsa (karnivora), malah kadhang uga kanibal. Mangsa mligi yaiku gegremet. Mèh kabèh jinis angga-angga, kajaba watara 150 spésies saka suku Uloboridae lan Holarchaeidae, lan subordo Mesothelae, bisa nyuntikaké wisa liwat sapasang taringé marang mungsuh utawa mangsané. Sanadyan mangkono, saka puluhan éwu spésies sing ana, mung watara 200 spésies kang wisane bisa mbebayani kanggo manungsa.

Ora kabèh angga-angga gawé sawang kanggo nyekel mangsa, nanging kabèh bisa ngasilaké bolah sutra utawa lamat—yaiku leran serat protéin sing tipis nanging kuwat—saka klanjer (ingaran spinneret) sing ana ing pérangan mburi badané. Serat sutra iki banget migunani kanggo mbiyantu obahé angga-angga, ngayun saka papan siji menyang papan liyané, njiret mangsa, nggawé kanthong endhog, nglindhungi bolongan susuh, lan liya-liyané.

Morfologibesut

Anatomi angga-angga:
(1) patang pasang sikil
(2) cephalothorax
(3) opisthosoma

Ora kaya gegremet sing duwé telung pérangan badan, angga-angga mung duwé loro. Sègmèn pérangan ngarep diarani cephalothorax utawa prosoma, sing sabeneré wujud gabungan saka endhas lan dhadha (thorax). Éwadéné sègmèn pérangan mburi diarani abdomen (weteng) utawa opisthosoma. Antara cephalothorax lan abdomen ana panyambung tipis sing dijenengi pedicle utawa pedicellus.

Ing cephalothorax ana patang pasang sikil, lan siji tekan patang pasang mata. Saliyané sapasang rahang kanthi suing gedhé (diarani chelicera), ana uga sapasang utawa sapérangan piranti pambiyantu cangkem sarupa tangan sing diarani pedipalpus. Ing sapérangan jinis angga-angga, pedipalpus ing kéwan lanang diwasa saya gedhé lan malih fungsiné minangka piranti pambiyantu nalika kawin.

Angga-angga ora duwé cangkem utawa untu kanggo mamah. Minangka gantiné, cangkem angga-angga wujud piranti panyedhot kanggo nyedhot cuwèran badan mangsané.

Piranti ngrasabesut

Mata angga-angga lumrahé wujud mata tunggal (mata mawa lensa tunggal), lan dudu mata majemuk kaya ing gegremet. Akèh-akèhé angga-angga duwé pandelengan sing ora patiya apik, ora bisa mbédakaké warna, utawa mung sing sensitive marang padhang lan peteng. Angga-angga sing manggon ing guwa malah ana sing wuta. Kejaba ing sapérangan angga-angga pamburu sing duwé pandelengan tajem lan apik, kalebu nalika ngenali warna.

Kanggo nengeri tekané mangsané, lumrahé angga-angga ngandhelaké geteran, ing jaring-jaring sutrané utawa ing lemah, banyu, utawa papan sing diéncoki. Ana uga angga-angga sing bisa ngrasakaké bédané tekanan udara. Piranti panggrayang angga-angga ana ing rambut-rambut sikilé.

Taksonomibesut

Familia kang kacithak kandel duwé siji utawa pira-pira spésies kang duwé wisa.

1<10>=10>=100>=1000
Spider families(Oct 23, 2009)
Sub ordhoSuperfamiliaFamiliaGenusSpesiesJeneng umumConto
MesothelaeLiphistiidae585segmented spidersKimura-gumo
MygalomorphaeMecicobothrioideaMecicobothriidae49dwarf tarantulas
Microstigmatidae715Envia garciai
HexatheloideaHexathelidae1185venomous funnel-web tarantulasSydney funnel-web spider
DipluroideaDipluridae24177funnel-web tarantulasSpruce-fir moss spider
NemesioideaNemesiidae41342Black wishbone spider
TheraphosoideaTheraphosidae116909tarantulasGoliath birdeater
Paratropididae48baldlegged spiders
BarycheloideaBarychelidae44300trapdoor baboon spidersSason sundaicum
AtypoideaAtypidae343purse web spidersRed legged purseweb spider
Antrodiaetidae232folding trapdoor spidersAtypoides riversi
CyrtauchenioideaCyrtaucheniidae18134wafer trapdoor spidersAptostichus simus
IdiopoideaIdiopidae22297Black rugose trapdoor spider
CtenizoideaCtenizidae9117cork-lid trapdoor spidersCteniza sauvagesi
MigoideaMigidae1091tree trapdoor spiders
Actinopodidae341Mouse spider
AraneomorphaeHypochiloideaHypochilidae211lampshade spidersHypochilus thorelli
AustrochiloideaAustrochilidae716Tasmanian cave spider
Gradungulidae716large-clawed spidersCarrai Cave Spider
FilistatoideaFilistatidae17110crevice weaversSouthern house spider
ScytodoideaDrymusidae115false violin spiders
Periegopidae12
Scytodidae5220spitting spidersScytodes thoracica
Sicariidae2121recluse spidersBrown recluse
LeptonetoideaLeptonetidae15199leptonetid spidersTooth cave spider
Ochyroceratidae14156midget ground weaversTheotima minutissima
Telemidae731long-legged cave spiders
PholcoideaDiguetidae215coneweb spiders
Pholcidae801036daddy long-legs spidersDaddy long-leg spider
Plectreuridae229plectreurid spiders
CaponioideaCaponiidae1371Two-eyed orange spider
Tetrablemmidae30130armored spiders
DysderoideaDysderidae24487woodlouse hunter spidersWoodlouse spider
Oonopidae73503dwarf hunting spidersOonops domesticus
Orsolobidae28181
Segestriidae3110tubeweb spidersSegestria florentina
EresoideaEresidae1094velvet spidersLadybird spider
Hersiliidae12159tree trunk spidersTwo-tailed spider
Oecobiidae6103disc web spidersOecobius navus
ArchaeoideaArchaeidae337pelican spidersAssassin spider
Holarchaeidae12
Mecysmaucheniidae725
Micropholcommatidae834
Pararchaeidae734
PalpimanoideaHuttoniidae11Huttonia palpimanoides
Palpimanidae15131palp-footed spiders
Stenochilidae212
MimetoideaMalkaridae410shield spiders
Mimetidae13152pirate spidersOarces reticulatus
UloboroideaDeinopidae457net-casting spidersRufous net-casting spider
Uloboridae18254hackled orb-weaverUloborus walckenaerius
AraneoideaAnapidae37147
Araneidae1672841orb-weaver spidersZygiella x-notata
Cyatholipidae2358
Linyphiidae5834297dwarf / money spidersBlacktailed red sheetweaver
Mysmenidae24123spurred orb-weaversMysmenopsis furtiva
Nesticidae9195cave cobweb spidersNesticella marapu
Pimoidae433Pimoa altioculata
Symphytognathidae756dwarf orb-weaversPatu digua
Synaphridae312
Synotaxidae1470
Tetragnathidae47912long jawed orb-weaversOrchard orb weaver
Nephilidae444large-jawed spidersGolden orb-web spider
Theridiidae1092262cobweb spidersBlack widow spider
Theridiosomatidae1284ray spidersTheridiosoma gemmosum
LycosoideaCtenidae40468tropical wolf spidersBrazilian wandering spider
Lycosidae1122293wolf spidersLycosa tarentula
Oxyopidae9417lynx spidersGreen lynx spider
Pisauridae53334nursery web spidersFishing spiders
Psechridae226
Senoculidae131
Stiphidiidae22136Tartarus mullamullangensis
Trechaleidae1897
Zoridae1476
Zorocratidae542zorocratid spiders
Zoropsidae1275zoropsid spidersZoropsis spinimana
AgelenoideaAgelenidae42508araneomorph funnel-web spidersHobo spider
Amphinectidae32159Metaltella simoni
AmaurobioideaAmaurobiidae74731tangled nest spidersCallobius claustrarius
DictynoideaAnyphaenidae56508anyphaenid sac spidersYellow ghost spider
Cybaeidae12162Water spider
Desidae38181intertidal spidersFoliage webbing spider
Dictynidae48555dictynid spidersNigma walckenaeri
Hahniidae26236dwarf sheet spiders
Nicodamidae929
SparassoideaSparassidae831061huntsman spidersAvondale spider
SelenopoideaSelenopidae5193wall spidersSelenops radiatus
ZodaroideaZodariidae75892zodariid ground spidersZodarion germanicum
TengelloideaTengellidae850tengellid spiders
incertae sedisChummidae12
Clubionidae14547sac spidersClubiona trivialis
Cycloctenidae536
Homalonychidae13
Miturgidae28346long-legged sac spidersYellow sac spider
TitanoecoideaPhyxelididae1254
Titanoecidae543titanoecid spidersGoeldia obscura
GnaphosoideaAmmoxenidae418
Cithaeronidae26
Gallieniellidae1048
Gnaphosidae1122047flat-bellied ground spidersDrassodes lapidosus
Lamponidae23192white-tailed spidersWhite-tailed spider
Prodidomidae30302long-spinneret ground spidersLygromma anops
Trochanteriidae19152
ThomisoideaPhilodromidae27520philodromid crab spidersPhilodromus dispar
Thomisidae1732040crab spidersGoldenrod spider
SalticoideaSalticidae5675192jumping spidersZebra spider
CorinnoideaCorinnidae80940dark sac spidersCastianeira sp.
Liocranidae30166liocranid sac spiders
3ca. 38109374740288Total
Sources:

Pranala njababesut

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