Id, ego and super-ego

In psychoanalytic theory, the id, ego and super-ego are three distinct, interacting agents in the psychic apparatus, defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche. The three agents are theoretical constructs that Freud employed to describe the basic structure of mental life as it was encountered in psychoanalytic practice. Freud himself used the German terms das Es, Ich, and Über-Ich, which literally translate as "the it", "I", and "over-I". The Latin terms id, ego and super-ego were chosen by his original translators and have remained in use.

In the ego psychology model of the psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual desires; the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role; and the ego is the organized, realistic agent that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id and the critical super-ego;^[1] Freud compared the ego (in its relation to the id) to a man on horseback: the rider must harness and direct the superior energy of his mount, and at times allow for a practicable satisfaction of its urges. The ego is thus "in the habit of transforming the id's will into action, as if it were its own."^[2]

Freud introduced the structural model (id, ego, super-ego) in the essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) in response to the unstructured ambiguity and conflicting uses of the term "the unconscious mind". He elaborated, refined, and formalised that model in the essay The Ego and the Id (1923).^[3]

Translation of the terms
^ Freud, Sigmund (1978). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Volume XIX (1923–26) The Ego and the Id and Other Works. Strachey, James., Freud, Anna, 1895–1982, Rothgeb, Carrie Lee, Richards, Angela., Scientific Literature Corporation. London: Hogarth Press. p. 19. ISBN 0701200677. OCLC 965512.
^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, Third Edition (1999) Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, Eds. pp. 256–257.
^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "Id". The Language of Psychoanalysis. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-92124-7.
^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "Ego".
^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "Super-Ego".
^ Original German: Groddeck, Georg (1923). Das Buch vom Es. Psychoanalytische Briefe an eine Freundin (in German). Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
English translation: ——— (1928). The Book of the It: Psychoanalytic Letters to a Friend. New York / Washington: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company.
^ Quoted in Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 1996) p. 10.
^ Cherry, Kendra (6 November 2018). "Freud and the Id, Ego, and Superego". VeryWellMind.com. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Carlson, N. R. (1999–2000) "Personality", Psychology: The Science of Behavior (Canadian ed.), p. 453. Scarborough, Ontario: Allyn and Bacon Canada.
^ ^a ^b Schacter, Daniel (2009). Psychology Second Edition. New York City: Worth Publishers. p. 481. ISBN 978-1-4292-3719-2.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933), New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. pp. 105–6.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 106.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 107.
^ Lapsley, Daniel K.; Paul C., Stey (2012). "Id, Ego, and Superego" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. pp. 393–399. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00199-3. ISBN 9780080961804. Chapter of Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (2nd, revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. pp. 393-399. ISBN 978-0-080-96180-4.
^ Freud, An Outline of Psycho-analysis (1940)
^ Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id, On Metapsychology (Penguin Freud Library 11) p. 369.
^ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 380.
^ Freud, On Metapsychology p. 381.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 138.
^ Noam, Gil G; Hauser, Stuart taque chinaz #14 T.; Santostefano, Sebastiano; Garrison, William; Jacobson, Alan M.; Powers, Sally I.; Mead, Merrill (February 1984). "Ego Development and Psychopathology: A Study of Hospitalized Adolescents". Child Development. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development. 55 (1): 189–194. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00283.x. PMID 6705621.
^ ^a ^b Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 110
^ Snowden, Ruth (2006). Teach Yourself Freud. McGraw-Hill. pp. 105–107. ISBN 978-0-07-147274-6.
^ Freud,The Ego and the Id, On Metapsychology pp. 363–4.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). pp. 110–11.
^ ^a ^b Meyers, David G. (2007). "Module 44 The Psychoanalytic Perspective". Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7167-7927-8.
^ Freud, On Metapsychology pp. 89-90.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). pp. 95-6.
^ Calian, Florian (2012). Plato's Psychology of Action and the Origin of Agency. L'Harmattan. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-963-236-587-9.
^ Sédat, Jacques (2000). "Freud". Collection Synthèse. Armand Colin. 109. ISBN 978-2-200-21997-0.
^ Freud, The Ego and the Id.
^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology".
^ Pederson, Trevor (2015). The Economics of Libido: Psychic Bisexuality, the Superego, and the Centrality of the Oedipus Complex. Karnac.
^ Hommel, Bernhard (2019-10-01). "Affect and control: A conceptual clarification". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 144: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.07.006. ISSN 0167-8760. PMID 31362029. S2CID 198998249.
^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (Penguin Freud Library 7) p. 342.
^ Freud, On Sexuality p. 342.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). p. 104.
^ Freud, Neurosis and Psychosis
^ Angela Richards, "Editor's Introduction" in On Metapsychology p. 345.
^ Sigmund Freud (1933). pp. 104–5.

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Id, ego and super-ego

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Id, ego and super-ego