Help:IPA/Portuguese

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Portuguese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Baike: Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Distinction is made between the two major standards of the language—Portugal (European Portuguese, EP; broadly the standard also used in Africa and in Asia) and Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese, BP). Neither variant is preferred at Wikipedia, except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant, such as a place in Brazil or an individual from Portugal.

See Portuguese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Portuguese.

Consonants
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
Portugal
EP
Brazil
BP
bbbeiço, âmbar, sobabout
βcabeça, sobre[1]EP: between baby and bevy
BP: about
ðdcedo, idade[1]EP: other
BP: today
ddedo, lendatoday
digo, advérbio, balde[2]EP: today
BP: jig
ffado, caféface
ɡɡgato, signo, bingo, guerraagain
ɣfogo, figueira[1]EP: between ago and ahold
BP: again
kcor, dica, quente, kiwiscan
lllua, alôtoll
wmal[3]EP: toll
BP: tow
ʎlhe, velhomillion
mmês, somomight
nnão, sononot
ɲnhoque, sonhocanyon
ppó, sopa, aptospouse
ʀʁrio, carro, enrascado[4][5]French rouge
ɾr, porto, por favor[4][5]EP: atom (GA)
BP: French rouge
ɾfrio, caro, por acaso[4][5]atom (GA)
sssaco, isso, braço, máximosack
ʃescola, as portas, dez, texto[6]EP: sheep
BP: sack
ʃchave, achar, xarope, baixo, sushisheep
tchau, atchimchip
ttipo, ritmo, ponte[2]EP: stand
BP: chip
ttempo, átomostand
vvela, livrovest
ʒʒjá, gentepleasure
zrasgo, os meus[6]EP: pleasure
BP: zebra
zcasa, os amigos, doze, existirzebra
 
Semivowels[7]
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
Portugal
EP
Brazil
BP
jsaia, pais, yeti, yogayou
wfrequente, quão, mau, Cauã, westernwant
Stressed vowels
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
Portugal
EP
Brazil
BP
aaalzheimer, Jaime,[8] dá, lámen, àquelefather
ɐfalámos, falamos,[9] andaime[8]EP: father
BP: strut
ɐfalamos, câmera, bugstrut
eabelha, venho, jeito[10]EP: strut
BP: case (Scottish)
emeto, sêcase (Scottish)
ɛprémio (EP), prêmio (BP)EP: set
BP: case (Scottish)
ɛmeta, sé, Émerson, cafezinhoset
isi, dia, país, suíço, rainha,[11] dieselseat
ɔɔformosa, formosos, avó, somenteoff
oAntónio (EP), Antônio (BP)EP: off
BP: story
oavô, formoso, alôstory
owSousa[12]EP: story
BP: goat (American)
urua, lúcido, saúdecool
Unstressed vowels
ɐɐtaça, manhã[13]about
amaior, aquele, daEP: about
BP: grandma
aCamões, caveiragrandma
ɛeincrível, segmentoEP: access
BP: case (Scottish)
ɨsemáforo[14]EP: emission
BP: case (Scottish)
ijure, pequeno, se[14]EP: emission
BP: seat
ijúri, meandro, e, doe[15]seat
oowGouveia[12]story
ɔohospitalEP: royale
BP: story
usortudoEP: outlook
BP: story
uevacuar, boneco, vi-o, voo, frio[15], osoutlook
 
Suprasegmentals
Stress and syllabification
IPAExamplesExplanation
Portugal
EP
Brazil
BP
ˈJoão [ʒuˈɐ̃w]lexical stress
ˌVila-Chã [ˌvilɐˈʃɐ̃]secondary stress
.Rio [ˈʁi.u]syllable break
Diacritics
◌̃Chã [ˈʃɐ̃][16]nasal vowel

Notesedit

  1. ^ a b c In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, a nasal vowel, or (for /d/) /l/, when they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11).
  2. ^ a b In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [, ] before the close front vowels /i, ĩ/.
  3. ^ Final /l/ is vocalized to [w] in Standard Brazilian Portuguese.
  4. ^ a b c The fricative /ʁ/ has a considerable variation in Brazil, often being a voiceless velar [x] or glottal fricative [h], or the voiced variants [ɣ ~ ɦ] in standard speech. Uvular variants such as [χ] and [ʁ] that are typical of Portugal also occur in Brazil. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
  5. ^ a b c The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ and /ʁ/ ⟨rr⟩ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩ and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere. In the word-final position, they are neutralized in favor of /ɾ/ in Portugal and some Brazilian dialects and in favor of /ʁ/ in most Brazilian dialects (which is how it is transcribed in this guide).
  6. ^ a b The four coronal fricatives /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ are neutralized at the end of a syllable. They are voiced before a voiced consonant or a vowel and voiceless elsewhere. In Standard European Portuguese, they are postalveolar [ʃ, ʒ] before consonants and only [ʃ] before pauses; before vowels, only the voiced alveolar [z] appears. In Brazilian Portuguese, the typical pronunciation in all positions is alveolar [s, z], but in some dialects they are postalveolar as in Portugal.
  7. ^ Intervocalic glides are ambisyllabic, they are part of previous falling diphthongs and they are geminated to next syllable onset. Examples of such pronunciations are goiaba [ɡojˈjabɐ] and Cauã for [kawˈwɐ̃].
  8. ^ a b Most Brazilian dialects have the close /ɐ/ in the stressed diphthong spelled ⟨ai⟩ before /m/ and /n/. In many dialects it is also nasalized. Many speakers of those dialects, including broadcast media, use the open /a/ for some words like Jaime and Roraima.
  9. ^ First-person plural past tense in European Portuguese has the open /a/, and present tense has the close /ɐ/. Both conjugated with the close /ɐ/ in Brazilian Portuguese
  10. ^ In Standard Lisbon Portuguese, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds.
  11. ^ There are no diphthongs before palatal consonants, so hiatuses are not indicated before /ɲ/ (e.g. rainha /ʁaˈiɲɐ/).
  12. ^ a b The [ow] diphthong does not exist in Standard Lisbon Portuguese, having been monophthongized to [o] (see Cruz-Ferreira 1999:128, 130).
  13. ^ In Brazilian Portuguese, pre-stressed [ɐ] is obligatory only before /ɲ/ and has a tendency to be raised before other nasal consonants. In many dialects, nasalization is obligatory also before /ɲ/.
  14. ^ a b /ɨ/ is often deleted in European Portuguese.
  15. ^ a b Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
  16. ^ Nasal vowels in Portuguese are /ɐ̃/, /ẽ/, /ĩ/, /õ/ and /ũ/

Referencesedit

  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1999). "Portuguese (European)". In International Phonetic Association (ed.). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–130. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  • Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823581-X.

See alsoedit

External linkedit

🔥 Top keywords: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS te ShqiperiseAlexandria Ocasio-CortezBilderberg GroupCristiano RonaldoDong XiaowanMinecraftOperation GladioPrimal cutRiot FestStrictly Come Dancing (series 7)Main PageSpecial:SearchBaike: Requested articles/Business and economics/Companies/M-SIndian Premier LeagueFrancis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)Baike: Featured pictures2024 Indian Premier LeagueFrancis Scott Key Bridge collapseSean CombsNicole Shanahan3 Body Problem (TV series)PornhubJoe LiebermanThe Three-Body Problem (novel)XXXTentacionCleopatraYouTubeDan SchneiderDeaths in 2024MV DaliGodzilla x Kong: The New EmpireBrian PeckPorno y heladoSunrisers HyderabadUEFA Euro 2024Shōgun (2024 miniseries)Road House (2024 film)InstagramRonna McDanielDrake BellRobert F. Kennedy Jr.Francis Scott KeyAmanda BynesViral videoRobert HanssenBaltimoreBrandon ScottDune: Part TwoADX FlorenceFacebookTartanAditi Rao HydariSoaking (sexual practice)Ruby FrankeX-Men '97Cassie VenturaSunshine Skyway BridgeSergey Brin2024 Indian general electionList of Twenty20 cricket recordsSiddharth (actor)Portal Current eventsWinnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey 2Kalanithi MaranThree-body problemThe Gentlemen (2024 TV series)Kim PorterChatGPTJake GyllenhaalGhostbusters: Frozen EmpireWrestleMania XLKwena MaphakaPoor Things (film)2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)Dune (2021 film)United StatesWes MooreEndrick (footballer, born 2006)Maundy ThursdaySydney SweeneySolar eclipse of April 8, 2024Carol BurnettCrocus City Hall attackMadelyne PryorQuiet on Set: The Dark Side of Kids TVElin NordegrenKung Fu Panda 4SexCowboy CarterRed Eye (2005 American film)Battle of the HydaspesRyan GoslingFighter (2024 film)Eva MendesBattle of New CarthageImmaculate (2024 film)J. Robert OppenheimerArgentina national football teamShirley ChisholmTaylor SwiftLate Night with the DevilList of Indian Premier League records and statisticsRichard SerraTheo JamesNational September 11 Memorial & MuseumConor McGregorOppenheimer (film)Daniel KahnemanUEFA Euro 2024 qualifying