桃金孃科

桃金娘科; 化石时期：22–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 中新世早期至現在
	香桃木（Myrtus communis）的花葉
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：	蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：	桃金娘目 Myrtales
科：	桃金娘科 Myrtaceae; Juss.
模式属
	香桃木属; Myrtus; L., 1753
亚科、族與属
	約130個屬，詳見內文
異名
	Baeckeaceae; Chamelauciaceae; Eugeniaceae; Heteropyxidaceae; Kaniaceae; Leptospermaceae; Melaleucaceae; Myrrhiniaceae; Psiloxylaceae;

桃金孃科（学名：Myrtaceae）是桃金娘目之下的一個真双子叶植物的科。主要產於澳洲和美洲的热带和亚热带地区，有100属约3000种，包括有香桃木属、丁子香及桉树等植物。當中在中国大陆原产有8属，引种了5属，共有136种。臺灣有9屬30種。

常绿灌木或乔木，有透明的油腺斑点，產生的油脂可用來製作精油；叶子对生或互生，单叶，多全缘，没有托叶；花两性，辐射对称，萼片和花瓣常各4－5枚，雖然花朵纖細，但植株卻能長的高大，而它們共同的特徵是雄蕊多如睫毛、分离或成数束，花絲細長柔，子房常下位，一至多室，有少数至多数胚珠；果实多为浆果或蒴果。

桃金孃科植物生命力顽強，台灣、广东、广西以及印度的氣候適合其生長。其精油具有抗病毒、殺菌、改善呼吸系統、消炎的功效，對關結炎、風濕痛、咳嗽和傷寒具有特殊的疗效。本科植物重要的有桃金娘、番石榴、桉树、蓮霧、蒲桃、千層樹等。

分類學编辑

過往本科物種二分為细籽亚科（Leptospermoideae）及桃金娘亚科（Myrtoideae）兩個亞科，但這種分類受到質疑，包括Johnson and Briggs (1984)，他們把桃金孃科物種分成14個族或支序，並發現這個科為多系群^[2]。截至2008年，多組學者為本科物種進行分子生物學研究，從其物種的演化史推翻了上述的二分法分類。

近期的分類法把本科物種分為裸木亚科（Psiloxyloideae）及桃金娘亚科（Myrtoideae）兩個亞科，然後再細分為17個族^[3]。不過由於每年都由被劃歸本科的新物種的發現，這些新發現都可能會對現時的分類造成衝擊。

現時分類编辑

根據Wilson (2011)^[4]，本科物種可作如下分類：

裸木亚科 Psiloxyloideae

裸木族 Psiloxyleae
异裂果族 Heteropyxideae

桃金娘亚科 Myrtoideae

tribe Xanthostemoneae（英语：Xanthostemoneae）
tribe Lophostemoneae（英语：Lophostemoneae）
tribe Osbornieae（英语：Osbornieae）
tribe Melaleuceae（英语：Melaleuceae）
tribe Kanieae（英语：Kanieae）
tribe Backhousieae（英语：Backhousieae）
tribe Metrosidereae（英语：Metrosidereae）
tribe Tristanieae（英语：Tristanieae）
tribe Syzygieae
tribe Myrteae（英语：Myrteae）
tribe Eucalypteae（英语：Eucalypteae）
tribe Syncarpieae（英语：Syncarpieae）
tribe Lindsayomyrteae（英语：Lindsayomyrteae）
tribe Leptospermeae（英语：Leptospermeae）
tribe Chamelaucieae（英语：Chamelaucieae）

屬编辑

本科包括以下属：

野鳳榴屬 Acca O.Berg
Accara Landrum
Acialyptus Jacks., 1893
Actinodium Schauer
Actinodium Schauer ex Schltdl.
Adhunia Vell.
Agonis (DC.) Sweet
Agonis Lindl.
Aldwickia M.E.J.Chandler, 1961
Algrizea Proença & NicLugh.
Allosyncarpia S.T.Blake
Aluta Rye & Trudgen
Amomyrtella Kausel
Amomyrtus (Burret) D.Legrand & Kausel
Angophora Cav.
Anticoryne Turcz.
Archirhodomyrtus (Nied.) Burret
Arillastrum Pancher ex Baill.
Arillastrum Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
Astartea DC.
Asteromyrtus Schauer
Astus Trudgen & Rye
Austrobaeckea Rye
Austromyrtus (Nied.) Burret
Babingtonia Lindl.
Backhousea Kuntze, 1903
Backhousia Hook. & Harv.
Baechea Colla, 1824
Baecka Cothen., 1790
岗松属 Baeckea L.
Baeckia Andrews, 1810
Balaustion Hook.
Barongia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
Basisperma C.T.White
Beaufortia R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
Beckea J.St.-Hil., 1806
Billiotia Endl., 1837
Billiotia Rchb., 1841
Billiottia Endl., 1840
Billotia Colla, 1824
Billottia R.Br.
Blepharocalyx O.Berg
红千层属 Callistemon R.Br.
Callistemonites M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
Callistemonoxylon M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
Callistemophyllum Ettingshausen, 1853
Calostemon T.Post & Kuntze, 1903
Calycolpus O.Berg
Calycorectes O.Berg
Calypthrantes Raeusch., 1797
Calyptranthes Sw.
Calyptranthus Juss., 1806
Calyptrogenia Burret
Calytrix Labill.
Cambea Endl., 1840
Campomanesia Ruiz & Pav.
Celoporthe
Cerquieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
Chamaelaucium DC., 1828
Chamelaucium Desf.
Chamguava Landrum
Cheyniana Rye
Ciposia Silveira, 1918
Cloezia Brongn. & Gris
伞房桉属 Corymbia K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
Cumbea Wight & Arn., 1834
Curitiba Salywon & Landrum
Cyathostemon Turcz.
Darwinia Rudge
Darwynia Rchb., 1841
子楝树属 Decaspermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Diplachna Kuntze & T.Post, 1903
Draparnalda St.-Lag.
Draparnandia Montrouzier, 1860
Enekbatus Trudgen & Rye
Ericomyrtus Turcz.
Eucalyptophyllum Fontaine, 1889
Eucalyptopsis C.T.White
桉屬 Eucalyptus L'Hér.
番樱桃属 Eugenia L.
Eugeniaites Loubiere, 1933
Euryomyrtus Schauer
Faetidia Comm. ex Juss., 1789
Feijoa O.Berg
Glaphiria Spach, 1835
Glayphyria G.Don, 1832
Gomidezia Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
Gossia N.Snow & Guymer
Guaiava Tourn. ex Adans., 1763
Harmogia Schauer
Heteropyxis Harv.
Homalocalyx F.Muell.
Homalospermum Schauer
Homoranthus A.Cunn. ex Schauer
Hypestes Kuntze, 1903
Hypocalimna Turcz., 1862
Hypocalymma (Endl.) Endl.
Hypocalymna Endl., 1843
Hypocalymna Meisn., 1843
Hysterobaeckea (Nied.) Rye
Jambus Noronha, 1790
Kanakomyrtus N.Snow
Kania Schltr.
Kardomia Peter G.Wilson
Kjellbergiodendron Burret
Kunzea Rchb.
Lazarocardenasoxylon E.Estrada-Ruiz & H.Martínez-Cabrera, 2021
Leantria Sol. ex G.Forst.
Leciscium C.F.Gaertn., 1807
Legrandia Kausel
Lencymmoea C.Presl
Lencymmoea K.B.Presl, 1851
Lenwebbia N.Snow & Guymer
Leptospermatoxylon B.S.Trivedi & C.L.Verma, 1973
Leptospermites Schmalhausen, 1883
Leptospermocarpum P.Menzel, 1914
薄子木属 Leptospermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Lhotzkya Endl., 1837
Lindsayomyrtus B.Hyland & Steenis
Lithomyrtus F.Muell.
Lophomyrtus Burret
红胶木属 Lophostemon Schott
龙袍木属 Luma A.Gray
Lysicarpus F.Muell.
Malaloleuca Gand., 1918
Malleostemon J.W.Green
Mariomella Faúndez & Rider, 2019
Marliera D.Dietr.
Marlierea Cambess.
Marlierea Cambess. ex A.St.-Hil., 1833
Marlieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
千层树属 Melaleuca L.
Mennichea Steud., 1841
Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn.
Micromyrtus Benth.
Mitrantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
Mosiera Small
Myrceugeina
Myrceugenellites M.Nishida, H.Nishida & T.Nasa, 1988
Myrceugenia O.Berg
Myrcia DC. ex Guill.
Myrcia Sol. ex Lindl., 1821
忍冬番樱属 Myrcianthes
O.Berg
- Anamomis umbellifera Britton
- Myrcianthes alaternifolia (Benth.) Grifo ex B.Holst & M.L.Kawas.
- Myrcianthes alaternifolia Grifo
- Myrcianthes borealis Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes borealis McVaugh
- Myrcianthes bradeanus Mattos & D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes callicoma Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes callicoma McVaugh
- Myrcianthes cavalcantei Mattos
- Myrcianthes cisplatensis (Cambess.) O.Berg
- Myrcianthes coquimbensis (Barnéoud) Landrum & Grifo
- Myrcianthes crebrifolia (Steyerm.) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes cymosa (O.Berg) Mattos
- Myrcianthes discolor (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Ekman) Alain
- Myrcianthes ferreyrae (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes ferreyrae (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes fimbriata (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes gigantea (D.Legrand) D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes hallii (O.Berg) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes indifferens (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes indifferens (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes karsteniana (O.Berg) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes lanosa Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes lanosa McVaugh
- Myrcianthes leucoxyla (Ortega) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes lindleyana (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes mato (Griseb.) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes minimifolia (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes minimifolia (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes monteucalyptoides Proença & L.V.S.Jenn.
- Myrcianthes myrsinoides (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Grifo
- Myrcianthes oreophila (Diels) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes orthostemon (O.Berg) Grifo
- Myrcianthes osteomeloides (Rusby) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes pedersenii D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes prodigiosa Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes prodigiosa McVaugh
- Myrcianthes prodigosa McVaugh, 1963
- Myrcianthes pseudomato (D.Legrand) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes puberula (O.Berg) Mattos, 2009
- Myrcianthes pungens (O.Berg) D.Legrand
- Myrcianthes quinqueloba (Mc Vaugh) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes quinqueloba (McVaugh) McVaugh
- Myrcianthes rhopaloides (Kunth) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes riparia Sobral, Grippa & T.B.Guim.
- Myrcianthes roncesvallensis Parra-Os. & Bohórq.-Os.^[5]
- Myrcianthes rubra B.Holst & M.L.Kawas.
- Myrcianthes sanctae-martae Parra-Os.
- Myrcianthes sessilis Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes sessilis McVaugh
- Myrcianthes storkii (Standl.) Mc Vaugh
- Myrcianthes ternofolia (O.Berg) McVaugh, 1963
Myrciaria O.Berg
Myrciophyllum H.Engelhardt, 1891
Myrrhinium Schott
Myrtaciphyllum D.C.Christophel & S.D.Lys, 1987
Myrtastrum Burret
Myrtella F.Muell.
Myrteola O.Berg
Myrtifolium F.Unger, 1864
Myrtiphyllum P.Dusén, 1899
Myrtoidoxylon H.Gottwald, 1966
Myrtoleucodendron Burm.
Myrtomiophyton Massalongo, 1858
Myrtonium Ettingshausen, 1886
Myrtophyllum Heer, 1869
Myrtospermum M.E.J.Chandler, 1957
Myrtoxylon Boureau, 1953
香桃木属 Myrtus L.
Nelitris Spreng., 1825
Neofabricia Joy Thomps.
Neomitranthes D.Legrand
Neomitranthes P.R.Reitz, 1977
Neomyrtus Burret
Nothomyrcia Kausel
Ochrosperma Trudgen
Octamyrtus Diels
Olythia Steud., 1841
Opa
Osbornia F.Muell.
Oxymyrrhine Schauer
Palaeorhodomyrtus E.M.Reid & M.E.J.Chandler, 1933
Paleomyrtinaea K.B.Pigg, R.A.Stockey & S.L.Maxwell, 1993
Paramyrtaciphyllum I.A.Ozerov, 2000
Paryphanthe Benth., 1866
Pericalymma (Engl.) Endl.
Pileanthus Labill.
Pilidiostigma Burret
多香果属 Pimenta Lindl.
Pirigarda C.B.Clarke, 1879
Pleurocalyptus Brongn. & Gris
樹葡萄屬 Plinia Plum. ex L.
Pontoppidana Steud., 1841
Pseudanamomis Kausel
Pseudolaryngodus
番石榴属 Psidium L.
Psiloxylon Thouars ex Tul.
Purpureostemon Gugerli
Raoanthus S.D.Chitaley & M.Z.Patel, 1975
玫瑰木属 Rhodamnia Jack
桃金娘属 Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Rchb.
Rinzia Schauer
Ristantia Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
Rugenia Neck., 1790
Sannantha Peter G.Wilson
Scholtzia Schauer
Seorsus Rye & Trudgen
Sincarpia Ten.
Siphoneugena O.Berg
Siphoneugenia
Sizygium Duch.
Sphaerantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
Stenospermum Sweet, 1830
Stenostegia A.R.Bean
Stereocaryum Burret
Stockwellia D.J.Carr, S.G.M.Carr & B.Hyland
Suarda Nocca ex Steud., 1841
Syncarpia Nied.
Syncarpia Ten.
Syncarpites J.Schmalhausen, 1883
Syzigium Steud., 1841
Syzygeum Wight
Syzygioxylon K.Kramer, 1974
Syzygioxylon S.R.Ingle, 1973
蒲桃属 Syzygium Gaertn.
Taxandria (Benth.) J.R.Wheeler & N.G.Marchant
Temu O.Berg
Tepualia Griseb.
Tetrapora S.Schauer
Thaleropia Peter G.Wilson
Thryptomene Endl.
Triplarina Raf.
红胶木属 Tristania R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
Tristaniandra P.G.Wilson & J.F.Basinger, 2007
Tristaniopsis Brongn. & Gris
Tristanites G.Saporta, 1865
Tryptomene F.Muell., 1859
Ugni Turcz.
Uromyrtus Burret
羽蜡花属 Verticordia DC.
Welchiodendron Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
Whiteodendron Steenis
Xanthomyrtus Diels
金缨木属 Xanthostemon F.Muell.
Zyzygium Brongn., 1843
×Kunzspermum W.Harris

蟲害编辑

桃金娘科植物是许多无刺蜜蜂的食物，尤其是从这种植物科采集花粉的双色蜜环蜂（英语：Melipona bicolor）^[6]。

參考文獻编辑

^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. （原始内容存档于2017-07-23）（英语）.
^ Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. （原始内容存档于2021-09-26）.
^ Wilson, P. G.; O’Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution（英语：Plant Systematics and Evolution）. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y （英语）.
^ Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (编). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 （英语）.
^ Landauro, Caroll Z., Antonio Garcia-Bravo & Pablo J. Venegas. 2015. An Endemic New Species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from An isolated Dry Forest in southern Peru. Zootaxa.3946(3): 387–400. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.6
^ Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-02）.

外部連結编辑

維基物種上的相關信息：桃金孃科

[APGIII2009-1] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. （原始内容存档于2017-07-23）（英语）.

[:1-2] Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. （原始内容存档于2021-09-26）.

[3] Wilson, P. G.; O’Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution（英语：Plant Systematics and Evolution）. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y （英语）.

[4] Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (编). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 （英语）.

[5] Landauro, Caroll Z., Antonio Garcia-Bravo & Pablo J. Venegas. 2015. An Endemic New Species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from An isolated Dry Forest in southern Peru. Zootaxa.3946(3): 387–400. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.6

[6] Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-02）.

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