Indo-Europese tale

Die Indo-Europese tale sluit sowat 443 (SIL skatting) tale en dialekte wat deur omtrent drie miljard mense gepraat word en die meeste groot taalfamilies van Europa en westelike Asië in die superfamilie in. Eietydse tale in die superfamilie sluit Bengaals, Engels, Duits, Frans, Hindi, Persies, Portugees, Russies, en Spaans (elk met meer as 100 miljoen eerstetaal sprekers) en Afrikaans en Nederlands in, sowel as dooie tale soos Latyn en kunsmatige tale soos Esperanto. Interessant genoeg is 'n paar Europese tale soos Fins, Hongaars en Baskies nie deel van die superfamilie nie. Dieselfde geld vir die meeste suider-Indiese tale, wat van Drawidiese oorsprong is (soos Telugu, Tamil, Kannada en Malayalam). Dié taalfamilie is so genoem omdat die taalgebied van Indië af tot regoor Europa strek.

Indo-Europese tale
Geografiese verspreiding:	wêreldwyd
Genetiese klassifikasie:	Indo-Europees  Indo-Europese tale
Onderafdelings:	Albanees Anatolies Armeens Balties Kelties Germaans Grieks Indo-Irannees Italies Slawies Togaars
Lande met 'n meerderheid sprekers van Indo-Europese tale    Lande waar 'n Indo-Europese taal amptelike status geniet    Lande waar 'n Indo-Europese taal geen amptelike status geniet nie

Indo-Europese tale
Indo-Europese tale
Albanees | Anatolies Armeens | Balties | Kelties Germaans | Grieks | Indo-Irannees Italies | Slawies | Togaars
Proto-Indo-Europees
Taal | Vereniging | Geloof Kurgan | Yamna | BMAC | Ariaans
Indo-Europese studies

GeskiedenisWysig

Sien ook: Proto-Indo-Europees, Diachroniese taalkunde, Glottochronologie.

Die moontlikheid van 'n gemene oorsprong vir die uiteenlopende tale is vir die eerste keer voorgestel deur die Nederlander Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn. Hy was 'n 17de-eeuse taalkundige met 'n groot kennis van Latyn. Hy het tewens Russies, Persies en Turks bestudeer. Hy het geweet van Xenofon se reise na Indië, waardeur hy ooreenkomste met Sanskrit kom opmerk het. Dit het daartoe gelei dat hy gelykenisse tussen verskillende Indo-Europese tale ontdek het, waarby hy die bestaan van 'n primitiewe gemeenskaplike taal – wat hy toe 'Skities' noem – veronderstel het. Hy het by hierdie hipotese Nederlands, Grieks, Latyn, Persies en Duits ingesluit, waarna hy later ook die Slawiese, Keltiese en die Baltiese tale ingesluit het. 'n Semitiese taal soos Hebreeus het hy daarvan uitgesluit.

Die bekendste en later ontdekker is egter die agttiende-eeuse Engelsman Sir William Jones wat ooreenkomste in van die vier oudste tale wat toe bekend was opgemerk het naamlik, Latyn, Grieks, Sanskrit, en Persies. Stelselmatige vergelyking van dié en ouer tale onderneem deur Franz Bopp, het die teorie ondersteun. In die 19de eeu het vakkundiges die groep "Indo-Germaans" of soms "Aries" genoem. Toe dit egter later duidelik word dat daar 'n verband is tussen meeste van Europa se tale, is die naam uitgebrei na Indo-Europees. 'n Voorbeeld hiervan is die sterk ooreenkomste wat ontdek is tussen Sanskrit en ouer gesproke dialekte van Litaus en Lets.

Die gemeenskaplike voorouerlike (heropgeboude) taal word Proto-Indo-Europees (PIE) genoem. Daar is 'n meningsverskil wat betref die oorspronklike geografiese ligging (die sogenaamde Urheimat of oorspronklike tuisland), waar die taal sy oorsprong vind. Daar is vandag twee hoofkandidate: 1. die steppe noordelik van die Swartsee en die Kaspiese Gebied (sien Kurgan) en 2. Anatolië (sien Colin Renfrew). Voorstanders van die Kurgan-hipotese neig om die datum vir die proto-taal op [c.] 4000 v.C. te skat, terwyl die voorstanders van die Anatoliese oorsprong gewoonlik 'n datum van enkele millennia vroeër voorstel (sien Indo-Hittiet).

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