水豚:修订间差异
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第2行: | status = lc | status_system = iucn3.1 | image = | image_caption = 野生水豚,攝於巴西[[潘特納爾濕地]] | taxon= Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | authority = ([[Linnaeus]], 1766) 第11行: }} '''水豚'''([[學名]]:{{lang|la|''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''}} 水豚是高度社會化的動物,最大的水豚群數量可達100頭,但一般在10至20頭之間。雖然因其肉及毛皮有利用價值而遭到捕獵,但該物種依然無危 <ref>{{cite web | last = ARKive.org | title = Capybara (''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'') | url = http://www.arkive.org/capybara/hydrochoerus-hydrochaeris/ | accessdate = 2014-04-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120103075238/http://www.arkive.org/capybara/hydrochoerus-hydrochaeris/ | archive-date = 2012-01-03 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>。 ==分類== [[File:Capybara Detail Schneidezahne.jpg|thumb|left|水豚的牙齒]] 水豚現屬於[[豚鼠科]]下的[[水豚亞科]],不過之前和其滅絕的其他親緣種都列在[[水豚科]](Hydrochoeridae)之下<ref name=r4/>。2002年,分子系統發生研究顯示水豚屬和[[岩豚鼠屬]]有極其相近的關係<ref name="Rowe 2002"/>,因此將二者一起劃在了[[豚鼠科]]中<ref name=msw3/>。不過古生物分類還依然採用舊的方法<ref name="Vucetich 2005"/><ref name="Deschamp 2007"/>。同時,其遠古近親的分類地位也一直不甚穩定,迄今為止有許多種已被移到了其他的科下<ref name="Vucetich 2005"/><ref name="Deschamp 2007"/>。究其原因,主要是水豚及其親緣動物的[[臼齒]]在不同種之間差異太大<ref name="Vucetich 2005"/>。例如曾經根據不同的臼齒劃出過四屬七種不同生物,但後來確信它們只是不同年齡段的''Cardiatherium paranense''而已<ref name="Vucetich 2005"/>。 水豚的[[種加詞]]''hydrochaeris''和屬名一樣,都是來自[[希臘語]]ὕδωρ(''hydor'' :水)和χοίρος(''choiros'':豬)<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Woods|id=13400218|page=1556}}</ref><ref name="inDarwin">{{Cite book | last=Darwin | first=Charles R. | year=1839 | title=Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836. | place =London | publisher =Henry Colburn | page=619}}</ref>。 第23行 ⟶ 第25行: ==描述== 水豚的身體 水豚的[[齒式]]為{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.1.3|lower=1.0.1.3}}。其足部有蹼,可協助游泳,尾巴已經[[痕跡器官|退化]],只剩下一點點痕跡。水豚的後腿比前腿稍長,分別有三趾和四趾。<ref name=r4/> ==生態== [[File:Capivara(Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris).jpg|thumb|左|[[圣保罗]][[铁特河]]一处环境保护区的一 水豚是一種半水生動物<ref name="Palm Beach Zoo"/>, 一些從籠中逃脫的水豚也發現於世界其他地區的水域附近。雖然沒有確切的數量統計,但擁有最多水豚的非南美洲地區可能是[[佛羅里達州]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission | title = Capybara - ''Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris''Florida's Nonnative Wildlife. Species detail. | url = http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/mammals/capybara/ | accessdate = 2014-04-01 | archive-date = 2014-04-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140406221051/http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/mammals/capybara/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>。2011年,有人在[[加利福尼亞州]]中部沿海也目擊到了水豚<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0818-capybara-20110818,0,104462.story|title=A gnawing question answered: It's a capybara roaming Paso Robles|last=Mather|first=Kate|date=2011-08-18|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=2012-01-10|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823225337/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0818-capybara-20110818,0,104462.story|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 ===食物=== [[File:Cattle tyrant (Machetornis rixosa) on Capybara.jpg|thumb|左|[[牛霸鹟]]和水豚]] 水豚是食草動物,主要以草、[[水生植物]]<ref name="Smithsonian"/><ref name="RevBiolTrop"/>、樹皮和果實為食<ref name="Palm Beach Zoo"/>。水豚十分挑食<ref name="Quintana 1998"/>,常常只吃一種而分毫不動 與其近親[[天竺鼠]]一樣,水豚自身不能合成[[維他命C]],因此很容易由[[齒齦病]]而誘發[[壞血病]]。<ref name=r2/> 野生水豚的預期壽命在8至10年之間<ref name=r6/>,但因為是許多肉食動物的食物來源,平均壽命實際低於四年<ref name="Bristol"/>。 ==自然歷史== [[File:2007 02 CapybaraFamily.jpg|thumb|一家在游泳的水豚]] 水豚是群居動物,但有時候也會獨自生活。一般的水豚群個體數量在10至20頭之間,其中二至四隻是成年雄性,四至七隻為成年雌性,剩餘為幼崽<ref name="Alho 1987"/>。旱季的水豚群個體數量會增加,達到50至100隻<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Macdonald 1981"/>,并聚集在水源附近。雄性的地位明顯等級化,處於領導地位的水豚比其他個體更重,但除去這隻領頭水豚之外,其他水豚之間的等級並不以體重相區分<ref name="Herrera 1993">{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/beheco/4.2.114|title= Aggression, dominance, and mating success among capybara males (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology_summer-1993_4_2/page/114|year=1993|last1=Herrera|first1=Emilio A.|last2=MacDonald|first2=David W.|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=4|issue=2|page=114}}</ref>。領頭水豚會被其他水豚圍在群體中央,並可以得到最好的資源<ref name="Herrera 1993"/>。水豚的等級觀念在幼年玩耍時就已經開始形成了<ref name="Alho 1987"/>。 水豚們一般都很喧嚷,通過聲音交流來建立互相之間的聯繫<ref name="Macdonald 1981"/>。當受到威脅或雌性在哺育時,它們可以發出狗樣的吠聲<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Murphey 1985"/>。這種生物有兩個不同的氣味腺,分別位於鼻子和肛門附近<ref name="Macdonald 1984"/>。兩性都有氣味腺,但雄性鼻部腺體更大,肛腺更易張開,其兩側的毛髮也可以分開來。他們會從這些腺體分泌出透明物質,將其塗抹到附近的植物上。這些物質散發出特殊的氣味,可以持續很長時間并會被別的水豚識別出來。此外雄性也會用尿液來散佈其氣味,雌性則較少如此做。實際上,雌性整體做標記的頻率都要低於雄性,它們一般在雨季的[[發情期]]才會這麼做。此外,雄性也會對雌性進行標記<ref name="Macdonald 1984"/>。 第54行 ⟶ 第56行: 水豚在1.5歲、體重到{{convert|30|-|40|kg}}時達到[[性成熟]]<ref name=r4/>。發情期的雌性氣味發生變化,雄性在察覺之後就會對其發起追求<ref name="Herrera 1993"/>。交配時,雌性一般擁有選擇權。雌性會用鼻子發出哨聲以表達對雄性的不滿<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/>。它们的交配地點只會是在水中,若雌性改變主意,便會游回岸上<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Macdonald 1981"/>。水豚群中佔據領導地位的雄性水豚對雌性有佔有欲,但一般不能保證其他雄性不會和雌性交配<ref name="Herrera 1993"/>。雖然其交配次數確實比其他水豚更加頻繁,但總體上依舊是其他水豚的交配次數居多<ref name="Herrera 1993"/>。水豚精子的壽命比其他所有齧齒動物都長<ref name=r1/>。 水豚的懷孕期持續130至150日,一般將生出四頭以下的幼崽,實際的數量在一至八頭間變動<ref name=r4/>。幼年體出生在陸地上,數小時後雌水豚返回族群,幼崽將 ===活動=== 第62行 ⟶ 第64行: ==與人類的關係== [[File:Capybara Ueno Zoo 2009.ogv|thumb|動物園中的水豚]] 水豚不属[[受威脅物種]]<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2011.1|assessors=Queirolo, D., Vieira, E. & Reid, F.|year=2008|id=10300|title=Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris|downloaded=2011-06-17}}</ref>,因為繁殖很快,它們的種 水豚曾 由於性情溫和,可以近距離接觸,水豚成為[[動物園]]中的常客<ref name="SFZoo"/>,飼養條件下的水豚壽命可達12年<ref name="Bristol"/>。[[歐洲動物園和水族館協會]]要求英國[[奧爾弗里斯頓]]的德魯西拉動物園(Drusillas Zoo Park)記錄所有歐洲人工飼養的水豚的出生、死亡和活動訊息<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drusillas.co.uk/conservation-1 |title=Conservation at Drusillas Park |publisher=Drusillas.co.uk |accessdate=2013-05-27 |archive-date=2013-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516092427/http://www.drusillas.co.uk/conservation-1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。但亦有零星個案指動物園內發情期的水豚攻擊小孩的報導<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctwant.com/article/211684 |title=日動物園呆萌水豚突抓狂攻擊2童 6歲女孩後頸爆血送醫逢9針 |editor=吳哲宜 |publisher=[[CTWANT]] |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-06 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020105615/https://www.ctwant.com/article/211684 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。 ==參見== 第77行 ⟶ 第79行: <ref name="Quintana 1998">{{cite journal|author=Quintana, R.D., S. Monge, A.I. Malvárez |year=1998|title=Feeding patterns of capybara Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris (Rodentia, Hydrochaeridae) and cattle in the non-insular area of the Lower Delta of the Parana River, Argentina|journal=Mammalia |volume=62|issue=1|pages=37–52|doi=10.1515/mamm.1998.62.1.37}}</ref> <ref name=r6>Burton M and Burton R. The International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7614-7269-8, p. 384</ref> <ref name="SoundsandColours">{{cite web|url=http://www.soundsandcolours.com/columns/south-american-wildlife/capybara-the-master-of-the-grasses-pest-or-prey/|title=Capybara, the master of the grasses: pest or prey|publisher= <ref name="SFZoo">{{cite web|last=San Francisco Zoo |title=Capybara. ''Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris'' |url=http://www.sfzoo.org/cgi-bin/animals.py?ID=90 |accessdate=2014-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614005832/http://www.sfzoo.org/cgi-bin/animals.py?ID=90 |archivedate=2007-06-14 }}</ref> <ref name="SDzoo">{{cite web | last = San Diego Zoo | title = Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris: October 2008 | url = <ref name="Alho 1987">{{cite journal | author = Alho C. J. R., Rondon N. L. | year = 1987 | title = Habitats, population densities, and social structure of capybaras (hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris rodentia) in the pantanal Brazil | journal = Revista Brasileira de Zoologia | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 139–149 }}</ref> <ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994">{{cite journal|author=Lord-Rexford, D. |year=1994|title=A descriptive account of capybara behaviour|journal=Studies on neotropical fauna and environment|volume=29|issue=1|pages=11–22|doi=10.1080/01650529409360912}}</ref> <ref name="Macdonald 1981">{{cite journal|author=Macdonald, D. W. |year=1981|title=Dwindling resources and the social behavior of Capybaras, (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Mammalia)|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04588.x| journal= Journal of Zoology|volume= 194|pages= 371–391|issue=3}}</ref> <ref name="Murphey 1985">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0168-1591(85)90040-1 |title=Behavioral observations in a capybara colony (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-animal-behaviour-science_1985-05_14_1/page/89 |year=1985|last1=Murphey|first1=R|last2=Mariano|first2=J|last3=Mouraduarte|first3=F|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|volume=14|page=89}}</ref> <ref name=r1>{{cite journal|title=Seminiferous epithelium cycle and its duration in capybaras (''Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris'')|pmid=10481304|doi=10.1054/tice.1999.0039|year=1999|last1=Paula|first1=T.A.R.|last2=Chiarini-Garcia|first2=H.|last3=França|first3=L.R.|journal=Tissue and Cell|volume=31|issue=3|pages=327–34}}</ref> <ref name=r2>{{cite journal|pmid=10682750|year=2000|last1=Cueto|first1=GR|last2=Allekotte|first2=R|last3=Kravetz|first3=FO|title=Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine|volume=36|issue=1|pages=97–101|journal=Journal of wildlife diseases}}</ref> <ref name=r3>[http://www.waza.org/virtualzoo/factsheet.php?id=110-020-001-001&view=Rodents%20and%20Hares&main=virtualzoo World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]. WAZA. [2012-12-07].</ref> <ref name=r4>{{cite journal|journal=Mammalian Species|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-264-01-0001.pdf| <ref name="Smithsonian">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050930231549/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Amazonia/Facts/capybarafacts.cfm Capybara Facts.] Smithsonian National Zoological Park. [2007-12-16].</ref> <ref name="Palm Beach Zoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620162726/http://palmbeachzoo.org/animals/capybara.html Capybara.] Palm Beach Zoo. [2007-12-16].</ref> <ref name="Macdonald 1984">{{cite journal|author=Macdonald, D. W.; Krantz, K. and Aplin, R. T. |title=Behavioral anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking among Capybaras (''Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris'') (Rodentia: Caviomorpha)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=202|issue=3|pages=341–360|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb05087.x}}</ref> <ref name="RevBiolTrop">{{cite journal|author=Forero-Montana J, Betancur J and Cavelier J <ref name="NYSun">{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/article/11063|title=In Days Before Easter, Venezuelans Tuck Into Rodent-Related Delicacy|author= <ref name="Rowe 2002">{{Cite journal | last = Rowe | first = D. L. | coauthors = Honeycutt, R. L. 第111行 ⟶ 第113行: {{Commons category|Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris|Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris}} {{EB1911 poster|Capybara}} * {{cite web|title=Companionable Capybaras (18 Photos)|author=Alan Taylor|date=29 Nov 2018|website=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/11/photos-companionable-capybaras/576991/|access-date=2021-02-13|archive-date=2021-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406113924/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/11/photos-companionable-capybaras/576991/|dead-url=no}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris}} * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydrochoerus_hydrochaeris.html Animal Diversity Web ''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''] {{Wayback|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydrochoerus_hydrochaeris.html |date=20120306073710 }} * [http://www.capybarafacts.com Capybara information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.capybarafacts.com/ |date=20210406120224 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131538}} 第122行 ⟶ 第124行: [[Category:南美洲哺乳動物]] [[Category:卡尔·林奈命名的生物分类]] [[Category:秘魯哺乳動物]] |
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